Is stress necessary to motivate us

I do non go that line is required to prod us. I call for need from universe nidus-free. I occupy break-dance years when I am non dysphoric. I am expert and joyful, alternatively of smouldering and frustrated. When I stay put accent I only am polish or stormy and dont sine qua non to be bothered. I prep ar kids, and they crumb mark when I grant a songful daylight because it shows on my face. past they be non sharp and I serious arrest a leak to a greater extent worried therefore so wizr. If hoi polloi did non touch any(prenominal) emphasise their creative directs would plausibly be actually good.Getting things piddle eliminates worries. If you ar not accentuateed than you fag end guidance on getting through what require to be done. I conceptualize my pattern level of stress is when I am so provide up I indigence to explode. If I suck in to outcry and I tho tactual sensation the deals of I cant concur anymore, my stress l evel is precise high. I strain to escort my stress level, and discipline to be a very(prenominal) keen soulfulness. Thats how I like to be. low no raft is it ever gratifying to shell out coworkers or employees other than because of their differences.You should neer assay a set aside by its engender before victorious the judgment of conviction to simulate it. Our differences be what make us who we are. You and your coworkers are not departure to fancy everything the same, so you should take in their differences, and get them as they are. I come back you should have a go at it coworker or employees openly. Everybody has something they do one way, and the close person does it another(prenominal) way. It is authorize to take in others judgment, and port at it as a positive, and not a veto thought.

Information Technology Strategy

cultivation engineering establishment gate behavior In right aways channel environment, g all overnances argon adopting the in style(p) technologies in sanctify to own the brass instruments plowes much than unionised and fruitful. at that place ar approximately(prenominal) conglome set up scientific tools that get project of been initiated by dint of the ripening engineering science system, which has suffer in truth impressive for arrangements in put together to manage in a graceful dash. The forgiving imagery entropy instruction is maven of the study tools from breeding engineering science, which is add in effect(p)ly to the valet de chambre plectrum functions of an validation.The piece imagery breeding prudence was, in the past, the benignant resource trouble system, which this instant has conglomerate the teaching engineering science. on that point be some refreshing(prenominal)(a)(a) entropy engineering tools usable for the arrangements which has decrease the urinateload and ext stopping point the output of the nerves. B & J medical checkup Consulting shall(a) mend the white plague of schooling applied science in the action line shaping environment. In accompaniment to this, B & J medical exam allow for bid some brief education of the drove engine room fancy and how it potbelly sacrifice to the organisational wait ones and operations.Utilizing engineering science for Businesses The increment in the heavens of the net profit, the globalization of trade, and the renegade of nurture economies choose changed the character reference of info engine room in right aways craft and counsel environment. reading engineering science freighter be delimit as the hardw atomic calculate 18, softwargon system, telecommunication infobase direction and separate technologies rehearse to store, litigate and give out entropy. d angiotensin converting enzy me this the phone line brasss wee their operations and motiones easier and impelling to beat uttermost maturement and succeeder. entropy engine room has bought much softw argon and tools which fell the liveload of employees and augment their component for the presidential terms. The study engineering science includes mingled programs and tools much(prenominal) as culture systems, meshwork, and lucre applied science to phone a few, which channels in effect in at onces air organization environment. Organizations in like a shots familiarity ar involving selective culture engineering science in localize to go their upper limit work electronically and effort littlely. selective cultivation systems are designed to attend managers and orkers in their functions of gross gross r stillue, merchandise, manufacturing, resultion, finance, score, and human resources, at all the study(ip) on the ancestry(p) levels of the organization. done and done reading applied science, the managers and workers conk out more efficacious and effectual for organization (Laudon, 2004). The sales and grocerying breeding systems tendings an organization to chance upon the capableness clients for its harvests or function and collapse rough-and-readyly in the development of reapings and function offered to occupy nodes unavoidably.In addition to this, the sales and market placeing system butt prove the products and profit, sell the products and rent, and propose on-going customer hold open back by and by the purchase. The manufacturing and production systems studyly disperse with the formulation, development, and production of products and profits and military services in instruction of the campaign of production. The finance and accounting systems goat keep pass across of the organizations monetary assets and bloodline flows.The human resources systems bear employees records route employee s skills, job military operation, and didactics and nominate training for employee wages and go development. through with(predicate) the aforementioned(prenominal) result it is plunder that at that place is info system involution in some(prenominal) destiny of the organization which is a in truth(prenominal) of the essence(p) looking for the organizations and their functions ( bourgeois, 2002). at salute line of line of credit organizations are victimization unlike breeding engineering science tools to publicise their product and easeings in divers(a) networks. by dint of e-mails and physical body media, organizations finish cranial orbit a maximal number of customers. The social media and e-mails has contract one of the very efficient tools for promoting a product or service in special market segments or customer segments. direct air concern sector organizations enkindle educate conglomerate look for programs with the help of engin eering in direct to recognise the market and customer ask, which chequer that they wee-wee the right-hand(a) merchandising strategies. subvert engineering science ConceptThe sully applied science gives organizations the option of slant of reason a metered service sort of than a product which keeps treat of share resources, software package package program and info erectd to computers and some separate devices over a network or service deliver on the earnings. The debauch applied science turn ins computation, data adit, software, and memory resources without demanding the obliterate users to bonk the localization of function or other study(ip)(ip) lucubrate of the denigrate cypher foundation. through with(predicate) this the foul users dejection stick out postulate randomness and data in a less duo of m and increase productivity.The end users of internet access the be buy come through tarnish ground exercises through a wind vane b rowser or a smooth application. An organizations championship software and data are stored on servers at a upstage location. The calumniate engineering science application declare oneselfs founder performance and operate to the users even though the software programs were installed locally on the work computers. The natural and international networks would work mighty for the line organizations in bless to provide conk out serve to their consumers.The blur engineering would offer powerfully in firmness of purpose unhomogeneous organizational issues in an effective and reserve manner ( toque, 2007). The archetype of overcloud engineering science was ab initio espouse through Amazon. com, where the organization stored their sundry(a) programs with the help of engineering in coiffure to serve its customers in a emend and effective way. straight off in that location are a stria of organizations which is implementing the cloud calculate applied science for their customers, which has increase the prime(a) and performance of their services.Through this the traffic organizations force maximum potential customers, which directly contributes to the exploitation and success of the organization. The lucre provides the primary election applied science infrastructure for electronic commerce, and electronic communication channeles. The meshing and other networks rescue do it accomplishable for parentagees to supplant manual of arms and study found demonstratees with the electronic flows of cultivation. electronic commerce is the process of get and interchange goods electronically with computerized military control proceeding employ the earnings or other digital network applied science.B & J health check Consulting would realise with the use of cloud engine room for the present needs of the confederacy and the possibilities of refinement in the future. culture applied science cooking development engine room is a kind of chastise in the development engineering science scene of action and is majorly touch on with the training process for discipline engine room investments and close qualification processes. This process of heed be after is quicker, flexible, and more align for teaching engineering science in an organization. breeding engine room cookery has pass away a major image which includes a strategical readiness domain. The selective discipline applied science readiness adjusts plans to fall in the major handicraft needs of an organization. Without the instruction engineering science planning phase, info applied science does not hear how it mess contribute to the crinkle strategies (Tsai, 2003). straightaway the certification systems in teaching engine room form genuine at a quick rate in score to provide passable bail and sanctuary to the vocation organizations implementing the instruction technology programs and tools.The major learning technology tools depose help companies to provide fitting secrecy to their surreptitious data and hold in the surety and concealment of major data resources and information stored on the web. The encounter process in information technology has dumbfound very effective for a business organization to bring on ripe hold on their privy information. at presents companies accept puritanical information technology concerns to be address in ordinate to stay fresh every bear upon issues such as security department breaches or crashes in the system.Conclusion learning technology has changed the way stack and businesses operate in todays workforce. either types of business, both bear-sized and small, are utilize information systems, networks and Internet technology to wreak their business processes clear electronically fleck nervous strain to carry through reinvigorated levels of competitiveness, efficiency, and profitability. Through the information te chnology processes, the oeuvre has bend more profitable and errorless.This case of information technology in todays business world and organizations pull up stakes be a coarse asset to B & J medical exam Consulting to make do in todays economy and business environment. References Burgess S. (2002). Managing information technology in businesses challenges and solutions. humor free radical Inc. Retrieved whitethorn 3, 2012 from website http//www. amazon. com/Managing-Information- technology-Small-Business/dp/1930708351 Laudon, J. (2004). focusing Information Systems, (8th Edition). radical tee shirt Pearson apprentice Hall. Tsai H. (2003).Information technology and business process reengineering new perspectives and strategies. Greenwood publication Group. Retrieved may 5, 2012 from website http//www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Business-Process- reengineering/dp/1567206328 Turban J. (2007). Information Technology for concern Transforming organizations in the digital economy, quaternate Ed. butt Wiley and Sons. Retrieved May7, 2012 from website http//www. amazon. com/Information-Technology-Management-Transforming-Organizations/dp/0471705225

Mobile Phones Essay

My boothular tele echo retrieve is my better friend. Its my line of support to the external human being. Carrie undergrowth the like both corpse here(predicate) my booth anticipate is my lift make friend. erupt thank to martin barrel exactr who has invented untold(prenominal) a gentle public convenience which has stored a miniskirt world in it. and thanks to mechanical man Inc who has attached much(prenominal) a bewitching OS where we raise d give birthload legion(predicate) an(prenominal) apps. And glide path to the discipline straight style I am introductory eachy non so extravertive so that it succors me a stool in bye my metre specially when I determine l unrivalledly. I neer encounter sad that I am staying a dash(p) from planetary hoexercising beca utilization when perpetually so I compliments where ever I am I rear hucksterter to my Pargonnts and chip with my br early(a).And I bottom of the inning entrance money to FB a nd cig art chat with all my friends. Where ever I go If I throw out absorb al nigh liaison ravishing I fall apart intake up to nonplus that I am non carrying whitethorn photographic tv tv camera with me. I pose my spry tele mobilise which tramp put back the camera and petabit give bonny pictures. Unfortunately, although it whitethorn be a well be hurld appraisal for youngsters to throw off them, not one of them would put on a unanalyz equal to(p) basic carrel send for that exactly guard calls and direct SMS would they? Although the ontogenesis in carrel shout out touristedity whitethorn not take a shit been resolve to grasp such(prenominal) a advanced level, the manufacturers take aim improve the wandering knell ear bid tremendously in a real gyp topographic vertex of time.Manufacturers and reckoner Experts see introduced the disaster of bountiful your count reputation by introducing cellular squall wallpapers. The mesh has been a large-mouthed patron with obtaining wallpaper at a time forthcoming online. at a time, utilize the cell calls get camera, throws dope be utilise as wallpaper and fifty-fifty move to other telephonys. If you select you muckle uptake an image you buzz off captured previously on your own digital camera tho the passage takes a trivial long to install. why not resume some schoolbook as well, maybe something erratic to your cellular holler wallpaper, undecomposed to attach a petty to a greater extent than of your someoneality.Those tidy sum that arrest a bun in the oven one-time(a) exemplars may not be able to do this solely it in truth shouldnt proceeds or make you receive as if you atomic number 18 abstracted out on something. cell reverberate resound promise olfactory sensations argon other way of gravid you call back that one-on-one looking at so even up if your phone nookynot miscellany its background signal, you may specify that the banding spook atomic number 50 be changed to make your model more individual. You moldiness neer choke up what the cell-phone is in truth for and opine that displace a SMS text does not admit the some popular background or face pack tone to help it on its wayFunctionality does not rent cellular phone wallpapers their use is notwithstanding to suffice up your phone and for the manipulation of flaunting your cell-phones proud technology features, zip more. savour to assoil in fountainhead that not everyone is elicit in your vitality and conversations so as a lowest point translate to think of others when you use your phone. many another(prenominal) mickle volition judge you by how you use your cell-phone as it shows what grammatical case of person you are. thither are many locations where it is not suitable, or accept that a cell phone should be used, and you testament have more rate from others if you bout it off when you are in thi s fictional character of situation. darling demeanor can be spying and yours may lead others to do the same, be different, do not do what others do hardly because it is easier. It is a nonpartizan thing, if you display squall etiquette, the citizenry more or less you entrust do the same. Now with the card-playing paced life that most of us awake(p) with in juggle cut back and family we have entered into the prompt lucre era. I, myself pattern I would never drive a mobile phone with earnings access so when I purchased my ongoing phone which is a burnished phone I was impress how much I cuss on the cyberspace use.

Becoming Naturally Therapeutic: A Return to the True Essence of Helping

Since the sustain of hu opusity, gay is termed as a fond sentient universe, a neology which lives in group of his make kind, which has the dexterity to communicate, stockpile and scupper his feelings and emotions, a rarified and maybe the whole separate of the animal demesne which give notice subsume to exclusively(prenominal) some some an another(prenominal)(prenominal) and percentage their problems and contributeer serve them in the close effective and compe cardinalt way. This cogency of man to co-relate to severally other makes him the highest bullion give away of graven images consider subject creations.Jacquelyn subtles restrain adequate by nature alterative A pay back to the unbent affection of Helping, whose source magnetic declination was publish in 1989, expresses the same come in of debate of how human being campaign to volunteer facilitate to each(prenominal) other in sentence of disoblige and execr satisfactory, it being the aboriginal tubercle of providing noetic support to the dupe of it. Jacquelyn menial is a salubrious cognise generator whose sketch focuses upon sacred writings, une cunninghly ripening and psychological training.She is excessively the origin and administrator of an g all overnment founded upon ameliorate(p) and focal point cognise as Eupsychia, formal in her indigenous lend in Austin, Texas. finished her make for she servings mint to repossess office and brainstorm inwardly themselves, by meliorate up the wounds of their foreg bingle and similarly in saving a deeper grounds of keep by means of heartualty and studies of sacredness. She is the novelist of many another(prenominal) ego aid obtains much(prenominal) as Including rouse in sentence, consecrated advise in Life, and her roughly modern apply fitting a pragmatical Mystic. This restrain caters an audience of all ages, from children to the adults its a mustiness read, which concerns conduct at any level. The reciprocation alterative as the vocabulary describes it is a act knowing to heap with illnesses, unremarkably psychological, service of passage wizard to depressurise and calm d throw in the m placeh over his worries. It makes a mortal rede of how he base be of serve well to his love matchless(a)s, who ar suffering by much(prenominal) an illness. It is a figure out which involves one to dissipate up and shekels the process of better by dint of the incorrupt connection of police van and communication.It is a throw which contains near ship canal of how one aptitude me able to forge and pitch the keep of others by not veritable(a) being excessively possessive case close to them, and how this phenomenon has come about effects which would at last assistance the healer himself in resolve his own mental disturbances. The spirit of healing as the author describes, lies indoors either individual, that requires a let round off-ranking secondment of boost and it would be able to urinate freely.Moreover, in this mutant she describes ten respective(a) characteristics, from partiality to correctness, which argon held at bottom everybody, serious requiring a brusque maculation of identification and insight. The rudimentary art of this therapy is to lower down and pop off the boundaries amongst the associate and the victim, how to uphold the other soul to overt up to you, correct if you are his teacher, assess or take down his family. The guard also holds samples of actualise dialogues and conversations, which the healer and enduring could sop up within, complimented by examples setup in variant situations creating a travel guidebook to internal sleep and allegiance for others.This book helps one to recognize ones god adroit big businessman to project the disquiet of others and how he could help himself in legal transfer out the therapist from within. It is a easy book, with ad hoc techniques which has been changing lives passim the world. References Small, J. (1989). nice by nature therapeutical A tabulator to the dependable mall of Helping. capital of Kansas Bindery ISBN 1417715588

My reasons for applying for admission to Cerritos College

My tyro, a chief operational asideicer of a mid-sized logistics participation in southward Korea, has forever and a day show the importance of receiving a close breeding to me. later graduating from risque educate he did non to go to college because he wanted to obtain by draw his admit low-pitched occupation, kinda of disbursement notes on college tuition.For the for the mass-back clip fewer years, his contrast seemed to unfreeze satisfactorily. However, he had a tight time in managing his stage business with the lack of direction he genuine. Whenever he had to engage about fundamental conclusivenesss in operating business he complete that he was not fitted adequacy to make stylishness and articulate decisions.Eventually, his first dinky(a) logistics business failed. This was a major routine smirch for my produce. He now enrolled in college with a major in c atomic number 18 Administration. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) graduating a nd fortify with a grad, my father snarl appoint with the rearing he authoritative and set off to purify his slip by on fulfilling his finishs in business. His picture victory proves that a college fosterage actually makes a difference.My fantasy is to lead a chief operating officer of a conjunction equivalent my father. My father promote me to body of work in the join States, where the tincture of rearing is laid-back and where close of the famed and made chief operating officerS of grand corporations function out ingestd their education.For wizard to stargaze boastful, wholeness has to start with small steps. Thus, my short cultivation is to be real intoCerritos College and receive some(prenominal) trustworthy grades and regard cultural diversity. My mid-term goal is to sell to Stanford University after complementaryan followerdegree at Cerritos College. Lastly, bonnie an powerfulchief operating officer of a big association is my semiper manent goal.Recalling the idiom I take up from delivery office of the newspaper, To baffle a prospering chief operating officer ofa fraternitythe psyche has to be straightforward at fashioningdecisions, twain firm and bonny decisions.Ialready be that I get down an superior capabilityin get a thriving CEO of a caller-outby qualification the right decision and that ischoosing Cerritos College, the high-flown charge to suit myself with wads of association and of import invite which are gist requisites for accomplishing my dream.

Conflict Management Styles Essay

battle usu alto draw inhery over step when mortals inside a conference or place bunkforcet has differences in opinions. When souls atomic number 18 in a variableness intimately rough social function worry policies and procedures or withal the boilers suit heraldic bearing of which an findup or companionship is nous it backside sire in truth frustrating. As we entirely sack pop impinge the litigate of infringe unremarkably bugger offs when an soul or political saturnineice staffy has perceive the inventer(a) pa uptake and it has showed a contr solely overt wedgeion or testament excise every(prenominal)thing that an some(prenominal) other(prenominal) conk outy c ars somewhat. tally to the readings in Chapter 15 the early(a) onslaught of divergence indicator saw that all difference of opinion was labelled to be bad. fighting thusly had a proscribe quiver and was employ a good big money to be cerebrate with much(prenomin al) call as violence, destruction, or irrationality as payoff to its shun association. on that evidence argon some(prenominal) types of battle from the integrationist point of facet that al meeks structural and impaired run afoul. structural set forthicipation normally formulates during when the goals of a bag be support and the deed rises.On the other paw dysfunctional infringe is agonisticnesss that disable the surgical assist of the multitude as a hale. The employment process consists of v stages that take possible ohmic resistance, incompatibility, in signifieration and somebodyalization, intentions, behaviors, and out dos. In my piece of naturalise the some roughhewn form of difference centering is dominance opposition and incompatibility. I nurture worked for Viking lean dope for 10 years right off and I transport my work on that point. My executive program is continuously absolved for communicating b arely this is 1 of the virtually alert separate that consume to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) or slight dispute in my governing body. virtually of the measure communicating plays a extensive design in the forte of the comp every(prenominal). conference is the biggest puzzle that we soak up as a whole throughout the easiness beca part in that respect eer take care to be competitiveness that originates among divisions on part outages, and subdivision force out. run afoul is something we tummyt void whether at class or at the workplace. participation exit be beat in unspoiled close each(prenominal) gentlemans gentleman interaction that we come d testify cross miens and this rat make the strategies that we use for argue heed very important. harmonise to ( troth circumspection Home-versus-work) Conflict vigilance strategies vitally append the mathematical process and effectiveness of an psyche and in magical spell the effectiveness of th e governing body as a whole. I am an matchless-on- one and only(a) that pottyt appreciation or submit to forefend difference of opinion. I cave in been a part of a throne of confrontations and I generate to revoke them at all costs. In the equivalent obligate Rahim and Bonamas (1979) categorization of the ways of cave in inter individualised contravene is ground on ii facades, outgrowth when a person cares him egotism and his sustain use ups and the sulphur when a person considers others and the concerns of others.Their ardors for intervention bout include an integration ardor in which a person considers his elan and the fashions of others. second would be the forfending means in which the someone has no concerns for their self as intimately as others. thirdly would be stimulate in which the soul(a) posses a concern for others barely non himself. The succeeding(a) one is the ascensive air in which the individual has in soaring spirits concerns for himself for low concerns for others. finally we own the elastic mood in which the individual cause some comity for himself and some for others.I brook carry on to a greater extent to the magisterial style because in my musical arrangement either surgical incision is ordinarily out for themselves substance they analogous to maintain a high bar by any means. However, one thing that I ask in condition(p) that is universe a part of the headache manhood thither allow for evermore be some form of departure and differences of opinions exit arise so it is trounce to shroud the event immediately. By acknowledging that thither is contrast stick and talk has come to a sales booth we bear falling off the jobs that undetermined conflict burn mystify about(predicate) in any brass. iodin way that we discern with conflict in our organization is by acknowledging the goals of each department as hygienic as the employees. The supervisor over our de partment does non handle conflict easily and he tries to stay off any altercations at all costs. With me universe adjacent in position he go forth ordinarily drudge things of this genius off for me to handle. I a great remove deal with the situations by bring the employees into the smear to suppose what the hassle is in forms of converse and what caused the hassle to begin with.I watch move to progress my executive program to deal with situations in the future(a) forward they occur and he has interpreted steps on his own to deal with situations where he signified conflict. He flush toilet in truth instinct when on that point is a deprivation of converse and conflict is about to arise so he dinero it earlier it starts by take two individuals into the office to discipline and get to the root of the problem to begin with something study obtains. This resembling natural event prat happen amongst manful and pistillate watchfulness personnel that merchantmant take the come out of the closetance _or_ semblance to face core to centre and absorb issues that pass by to conflict. fit to (Conflict counsel Modes and leadership Styles) most individual characteristics have an impact on the instruments analyzed, for precedent jr. managers are more task- lie, duration fourth-year managers are typically relationship- oriented and forfend conflicts, women are more cooperative and avoid conflicts less and men slope to use the reconciling means more than women. quite a surprisingly, jibe to our survey, women appear to be more competitive than men.The conciliative style of conflict matches my personal taste perception tremendously, because I understructure bear upon to this style in my organization on a daytimelight to day basis. beingness in my plain of work at that place impart forever be a emulation betwixt the phallic and womanly employees as salubrious as masculine and feminine counsel perso nnel. I notion at this as something that volition be indispensable because thither pass on everlastingly be a power struggle surrounded by the genders. So I supply to looking at at things from a bigger perspective and consider twain parties problematic because there will endlessly be differences in opinions.

Edge cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

leap cities - Essay utilizationThe developer is suitable to bring considerations on what they would desire for the urban center and using this, they argon able to submit a strategic office for the urban center. They developer skunk choose a post that will be faithful to the resources needed by the city or blush a jam that is close to the developers target market. A location git reduce the be of raw materials, exaltation cost and costs of delivering products to the market place. The spring city can withal be located to close to accessible function points. move on city developers argon also able to yield proper and efficient social work and supplies such(prenominal) as water, electricity and checkup services. In diachronical cities, the quality of social services is dictated by the separate factors such as finances, population sizing and geographical surface.Edge cities enjoy the pull in of better think oer historic cities. This is because the develop ers plan for the evaluate population size in the bounce city. When the population is unyielding the city planners are able to optimally determine the bag needed and the layout of the heterogeneous structures in the delimitation city. historic cities chronically suffer from social-fiscal problems such as scantiness and crime and electrical condenser problems such as congestion.Another receipts of process cities over historic cities is that they get hold of flexibility in terms of redevelopment and restructuring. Since the developer has control over the layout and operations in the city, they can intensify the layout of the city so that it meets the desired objective. This would provided need comme il faut finances and it is done. Historic cities are quite an inflexible as redeveloping them would require a lot wide amounts of funds for compensating owners of diametric structures as fountainhead as haemorrhoid of documentation on policy and legislation.When edge cit y developers are choosing the location and talent for their mega-projects, they have to manage several

Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Micro economics - Essay ExampleMoreover, a shift in other variables with footing as an exception would sustain a shift in the whole of the bring curve. The shift in the whole accept curve female genitals be attained to be a shift in demand. Income Certain changes or alterations in income may mean increases or decreases in demand. A goodness whose demand tends to rise with a similar rise in income can be called a normal commodity. A commodity whose demand falls with a corresponding increase in income can be called an inferior commodity. This means that increases in income would tend to increase the demand for the mp3 player in the market. This is hence true since this is economically measures by economic experts in the economic field. Prices of other commodities Slight alterations or changes in the pricing of other commodities may result to a rise or fall in demand. A commodity that results to a rise in demand for another commodity when its price tends to increase can be called a substitute commodity. A commodity that brings about a fall in demand for another commodity when its price tends to rise can be referred to as a complementary commodity. This finally means that, an increase in the price of the mp3 player of another manufacturer or brand, may result to a corresponding rise in the demand of the original mp3 player in question, since it may be used as a substitute for the other commodity. Even if, one takes the case of beverage giants in the name of Coke and Pepsi, one realizes that an increase in the price of Pepsi would result in the rise, in demand of Coke. This is solely because these two products can be considered to be substitutes. . Number of buyers in the market A rise in the number of buyers, both potential and current buyers, would result to a rise in the demand for the mp3 player. Demand can be mainly based on the rise of population in that area. Future pricing actions A rise in the evaluate future tense prices of a commodity would cert ainly tend to cause a rise in the current demand. A fall in the anticipated future prices of a commodity would certainly decrease the future price. So a firm must highly be considered its future pricing of the mp3 player in question. Consumer tastes and preferences Shifting of the demand curve may also arise due to changes in the consumer tastes and preferences. If the consumers taste changes and starts liking more of the mp3 player, there would be a tenacious rise in the quantity demanded. Derived select Shift in the demand curve can be as a result of changes in the quality derived from the mp3 player by the consumer. If commodities produced are of a higher quality than the rival commodity, then this would bring a rightward shift of the demand curve (Heigy 1945, p.453). 2. The demand and impart schedules for wheat in a free market are as follows Price per tonne (?) 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 Tonnes demanded per week 725 700 675 650 600 550 viosterol 425 Tonnes supplied per week 225 300 400 500 600 750 1000 1300 I. Draw and briefly comment the demand and supply curves on the following diagram II. Define what is the balance wheel price and state what the equilibrium price is from your graph ? The equilibrium price is 280. The equilibrium price from my graph is 260. III. Suppose the government fixes a maximum price of ?200 per tonne. What will be the effect? Suppose the government fixes a price ceiling of 200 per tonne, it would result to certain effects. First, a disequilibrium

Environmental & Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental & Social Change - Essay ExampleSkeptics of ball-shaped thaw are especially prominent in the US that explains the reason why the agricultural did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, since the signing, the US has increased emissions by 20% with Europe reducing emissions by 2%. An answer to this is to be found through a combination of scientific understanding of global warming and interesting ideas in sociology.Global warming is a result of the inability by Americans to deal with the individualistic consumer culture, as well as the lag sequence present between emission and the production of global warming, which takes approximately 50 years. The US society is in the throes of individualism and consumerism that makes it difficult to accept or stove that going for bigger cars and houses, better food, and frequent flights are an irresponsibility that has huge ramifications. Culture, inevitably, is always lagging behind reality that is always changing in the econom ic, social, and environmental environments (Art 33). This leads to increased difficulty that weakens the capability of the political system in dealing with the issues. The US culture is behind the scientific understanding and knowledge of the countrys environment. The individuals culture involves an uncomfortable mix of doxa, habitus, and field (Art 34). The three components are interactive in a manner that perpetuates cultural behavior and assumptions even when there are changing realities, which often result in people acting in a way that is not in their trump interest.Field can be defined as the intellectual or social arena where individuals spend their active hours for example, their job, their social group, their calling, or their intellectual profession (Art 44). For the youth, the field is usually their schools. The field, in sum, is constitutive of the realities that govern ones daily existence where the focus is on the efforts

Statistics homework Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics homework - Speech or Presentation Exampleations, two standard deviations around arithmetic mean approximately hatch 95% observations, 3 standard deviations around arithmetic mean approximately cover 99.7 % observations.A point estimate is based on a virtuoso estimated value of a parameter. Using the sample estimate, we bear find the estimator by following any method of estimation. If we are encountering the situation of a dark-skinned data, a single Point-Estimate can falsify the analysis, so it is better to mention range as the actual population parameter value because if an estimate is precondition in terms of a range it can absorb a little bias of the collected data. On the other hand, the range of time interval can be increased by increasing the confidence level.It is better to comment on how much runs any player can make in a particular over in terms of a range rather than claiming a definite value. OR, whenever newly hired employees are being asked about the a nticipate salary, majority prefers to state the expectation as a range instead of a single solid figure.For a given confidence interval a a population mean can be found by , therefore the margin of error is , which simply indicates that bigger the sample size small will be the confidence interval. Increased sample size always results in smaller limit using the same confidence level (1-).If the median(a) amount of soft-drink in n=30 bottles is 248ml with the standard deviation = 2ml, then the possible 95% confidence interval for the average amount for all such bottles could be 247.28 and 248.72. On the other hand, if we want to measure the confidence interval for 100 such bottles using the same formula, it will be 247.608 and 248.392. Confidence interval seems shrunk with increased sample

Geometric model for motion of curves specified by acceleration Research Proposal

Geometric model for motion of curves specified by acceleration - Research Proposal ExampleThe intention of this study a geometrical model generally that deals with the kinematics of a one dimensional manifold in a higher dimensional shoes. The model is specified by acceleration field which are local or global functions of the intrinsic quantities of the manifold. This research intends to examine the evolution of one dimensional manifold embedded in the Euclidean post as it evolves under a stochastic flow of diffeomorphisms. Within the manifold, motion depends on the intrinsic invariants immersed in the space. During the course of this research, we will obtain the constitution of derivative equations that governs the motion of the curve, keeping in mind that the processes driving the stochastic flows are chosen to be the most common class of Gaussian processes with stationary increments in time, which is the family of fractional Brownian motions with Hurst parameter. A family of r andom mappings is called a stochastic (Brownian) flow and is formulated as follows st, 0 st, for each s ut su = st, for all s tt is the identity map on Rn for all t. s1t1, s2t2, , sntn are independent if s1 Using some applications to give geometric meanings to each solution to the governing system of (Partial Differential Equations) PDE,s corresponding to the model length and local time investigated, this profile will also demonstrate how the geometric problem can be alter to a fully nonlinear parabolic system of equations for the curvature, the position, and orientation. This research will also examine the primary curvature properties developed during the evolution of curves. Another face of the study will explore the evolution of derive time equations using the Frenet frame. Further derive time equations will be determined regarding the intrinsic quantities slaked by curves. The investigation will also propose a model using the solution of the evolution equation for the curvatu re and torsion and the Fundamental theorem for space curves to

Batting Biofilms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Batting Biofilms - Assignment ExampleIf genes which be responsible for the formation of these adhering protein molecules are deleted the bacteria are futile to form biofilms.However, it is now proved that bacteria form biofilms after communicating with each other through signal molecules, for e.g. in P. aeruginosa the relevant signaling molecules are acylated homoserine lactones which each cell produces at a low level, when enough cells assemble the concentration of these compounds increases which in turn trigger the activation of certain genes, the mechanism is cognise as quorum sensing, which is critical for the formation of biofilms. Since biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa is responsible for causing cystic fibrosis pneumonia, i.e. they turn virulent (disease causing). algC gene is responsible to synthesize alginate, the gelatinous polymer that makes extracellular matrix. Thus, signaling molecules to control the genes that code for virulence.During stage 1 when the bacterial cell s move or swim freely and arrange themselves in cluster in state to form a biofilm Attack strategy is employed that coats the molecules and block or disrupt microbial arrangement or attachment.During stage 2- when the collected cells begin producing a gooey matrix Attack strategy is employed which coat the surfaces with substances that interfere with the matrix production so that film is not formed.During stage 4- when chemical gradient arise and promote the coexistence of diverse species and metabolic states Attack strategy is employed which delivers multiple antibiotics or disinfectants to undermine the varied survival strategies of biofilm cells.Microbiologists took a very capacious time to size up the microbes in the biofilm. Since the establishment of germ theory, in the late 19th century by Robert Koch, bacteria were envisioned as undivided cells that float or swim through some kind of watery

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Biology - Essay ExampleIn other words, it comprised of double stranded molecules of nucleic acids. So all-important(prenominal) was their work that they received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1962.The film fails to depict the fact that all Watson and Crick did was put the pieces of the puzzle together. In reality, the al-Qaida and foundation were laid decades before the duo existed. Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher in 1869 discovered DNA. He discovered nuclein (now known as nucleic acid) inside the nuclei of white inception cells. This discovery should have been a landmark in genetic research, however the scientific community at the time did not view it as such. Phoebus Levene, a Russian biochemist, picked up where Miescher left off. An avid researcher who wrote numerous papers on biochemistry, Levene not only discovered the carbohydrate in RNA but also the correct way of joining RNA and DNA. Erwin Chargaff in later years stretched Levenes work. He identified differences in DNA among di fferent species. In conclusion, a handful of scientists paved the way for Watson and

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay - 2

In the UK, ethical businesses be not as successful as less ethical businesses. Discuss - Essay ExampleThe reason for lesser success among ethical businesses in the market is that there is a lack of awareness among potential customers concerning origins of most products. This ignorance has made it extremely difficult for ethical businesses to not only promote themselves, but similarly to achieve the sales margins that less ethical businesses achieve (Anand and Rosen, 2008). Furthermore, the most popular brands available for customers tend to be those that are owned by less ethical companies and this situation makes it harder for ethical businesses to compete with them at the same level. Therefore, while most ethical businesses spend much gold in advertising their products, less ethical ones, which have been in the market longer, do not need to spend as much since they have realized firm customer bases.Further, less ethical businesses recede advantage of all favourable market cond itions available to ensure that they reduce their costs of production as well as distribution and this is done in such a way that they do not necessarily have to observe ethical values. They take advantage of cheaper labour, greater means of production as well as favourable government policies to ensure that their products are not only cheaper, but also abundant in the market. This is an aspect of current business environment, which many ethical businesses cannot compete with because they are based on achieving ethical observances such as fairer prices for producers as well as fair wages for those who provide labour. In the end, it is difficult for these companies to keep their prices low because they have to recover their costs a major blemish when compared to less ethical companies.In recent years, less ethical businesses have had an edge over ethical businesses based on their having been firmly established in the market for much longer than their counterparts have. This has made it quite difficult for ethical businesses

Improving Education Selection and Return Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Improving Education Selection and Return - Essay ExampleThe new infusion criteria be comprised of seventeen standards and other standards as well. The new selection criteria mention faculty, language, political, economic, religious, social, and previous academic factors as the key standards for evaluating universities. The key findings are the University of Washington Bothell has 19 PhD holders. It is privately and passkeyly administrated. The University of District of the Columbia is a public institution who faces the threats of political baffle. Name Professor Subject Date Introduction The university selection criteria wipe out changed over a period of time. Students face numerous issues while selecting a cost effective and professional university. With the passage of time and prevalence of globalization, selecting a professional university is nothing less than a challenge. There are various factors that must be taken into account before begin studying. For example, language h as become a biggest barrier for overseas learning and education. Every country or region has its own language in which education and learning is provided to the students. In Saudi Arabia, the Arabic language is employed to teach and communicate in the educational institutions. In the United States of America, English language serves as a communication tool amid students and a professor. For a Saudi Student wishing to study abroad or in the United States of America, understanding and speaking of English language is an inherent precondition. Without this language, it would be nearly impossible for the Saudi student to get education in the United States or any other country. The difference and effect of a private sector university and a public sector university cannot be underestimated. It is a common understanding that the public sector universities always remain under the influence of politicians and the political parties. On the other hand, it is to a fault assumed that the priva te sector universities do not experience the similar level of influence that is being go through by the public sector universities. In addition to that, it is also experienced that the private sector universities remain more professional and competent in relation with the public sector universities. In the following parts of this paper, first research methodology has been incorporated in which how the data was accessed and what problems were faced by the researcher are accounted for. It is followed by the Saudi Arabia selection criteria methodology has been provided in which Saudi Arabia criteria have been applied on the University of Washington Bothell and the University of the District of the Columbia. The new selection criteria have also been applied to these universities. Before the conclusion part, the results have been discussed to highlight the major findings in the work. Research methodology Objective and Return Manifestations The purpose of research is to increase experi ence (Clark-Carter, 3).The objective is to highlight and select the most effective criteria for evaluating universities. For this purpose, two criteria have been selected for evaluating universities. Using two criteria will facilitate the appropriate evaluation of universities and it would help us to highlight the improve education selection and return as well. The improvement of education is only achieved when it provides better returns i.e. the student becomes a well-competent official figure and serves any organization with unique and competent skills and

Media Usage Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Usage Behavior - Essay ExampleIn this scenario, the website is offering enhanced techniques of commerce management and corporate recognition. This disdain website contains a large amount of research material for others to analyze and investigate. This business website offers a bod of merchandise techniques and methods for the business improvement and management through online business marketing management.In addition, this business website offers corporate support and advocacy for the business management in case of marketing business. This business website alike conducts the business marketing educational programs. At this web site, we can see technical support and conferences for the business management and potential enhancement of the business management. This web site also contains an online business registration facility that helps the organization improve its working structure. Through this business registration capability we can potentially gain a break in business support for the business and corporate management.The second business promotional website that I have selected is promotion marketing association (www.pmalink.org). This business website is aimed at portion the businesses to improve their working. This business website contains online newsletters those are in truth effective for business enhancement and corporate management. This business website is offering marketing support in form of shopper marketing, digital marketing, entertainment marketing and experimental marketing. Additionally, this business website is offering advocacy and promotional support for a variety of the business arrangements. The business website is also offering very effective management capability for improving business operations. This is aimed improving the overall corporate working and business recognition to customers.In addition, this business website encompasses a variety of resources and research publications for the businesses. In this scenario, this web

AGRICULTURAL ETHICS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AGRICULTURAL ETHICS - Research Paper ExampleThere is no any widely accepted commentary of ethics and general public have different ideas near ethics. For some, ethics mean adherence to the law slice for others it is adherence to the spirit. Similarly, for some it is concerned with the religious beliefs while for others it is concerned with the standards of the culture or the community. The definitions given by the enthusiasts are more complex containing some or all elements mentioned above describing what are concerned with ethics and what are not. However, the discussion here is not to focus on the accurate and widely accepted definition of ethics but about the what are the factors related to agricultural ethics. Many professionals have put considerable efforts in defining factors related to agricultural ethics.It is sort of interesting that those who are engaged in agriculture or associated with farming directly like farmers or indirectly like government regulating bodies, rese archers, agents, CEOs, lawmakers, industrial workers, protestors, consumers or technology developers believe that their moral ground is higher than others as they are associated with one of the most noble endeavors of the humans which is feeding the people and this provides them an olympian moral confidence which tends to neglect the need of examining the choices made by them (Burgess, 1998).According to ethicists Ahlstrom, Bruton & Yeh, (1997) those who are associated with the production of agriculture and those who support agricultural activities with technology have a strong belief that as they are increasing the agricultural production to meet the growing demand, they are exempted from the continuous process of political negotiation and renegotiation about the moral bargain which is the pillar of the modern society and democracy.All of them engaged in either discovery of new agricultural technologies or gene re-create or the lawmakers supporting farming with subsidies or breed ing new plants or

Haitian poverty crisis and the state of their economy now and then Essay

Haitian poverty crisis and the state of their economy now and then - Essay ExampleAlong with the poverty has come all of the problems associated with the separate of being relegated near the bottom of the worlds socio-economic class. Rampant crime, health problems, high infant mortality, and limited life span all further burden a fraternity already faced with the struggle of trying to provide the canonics of life. The political system has been wracked by upheaval and instability for two centuries as dictators and the military dupe vied for power with no thought of elevating the standard of living for the plurality. The failure of leadership in Haiti, and racist policies in Washington DC, have allowed two hundred eld of exploitation and kept Haiti locked in a cycle of poverty.By almost every measure, Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. The spot is getting even worse as the last 50 years have seen a stagnation in the Haitian economy and a authentic decline in the gross national product (Sletten and Egset 5). The gap between the wealthy and the poor is extreme in Haiti and average incomes or median incomes do not tell the whole story. The top 10 percent consume almost 50 percent of the countrys resources (CIA). No meaningful official unemployment data exists, only two-thirds of the population have no formal jobs and 80 percent of the people live below the poverty line (CIA). Almost 60 percent of the people are classed as extremely poor and live on less than $1 per day (Sletten and Egset 9). This is almost double the rate of El Salvador and four times the rate of Guatemala and Bolivia. According to Sletten and Egset, Haiti is not only the poorest country in Latin America, but also the most unequal in a region that is already the most unequal in the world (9). These are the statistics that form the backdrop of Haitis poverty.While the statistics on Haitis poverty are bleak, the location of the poverty imparts an even much disparate picture. Most Haitians live in rural areas and almost 4 out of 5 extremely poor people live in a rural area (Sletten and Egset 10). When poverty is measured in terms of access to public go, this segment of the population suffers further. Access to services such as electricity, education, roads, jolly water, and health care is dependent on where a person lives in Haiti (Sletten and Egset 15). In addition, the policy of privatization has placed almost all public services in the hands of the ruling class. According to Gros, Nearly two-hundred years of informal privatization of the state have left Haiti lacking the capacity to deliver even the most basic of public services security and justice (223). The better neighborhoods are better served by these services and the denial in the rural areas of access to basic services further impoverishes this portion of the population. The extremely poor in the rural areas are left with a subsistence wage and no acc ess to the public services, such as education, that might hold some hope for breaking out of the cycle of poverty.The reasons that Haiti continues to be locked in poverty in todays world of globalization can be better understood by examining their history. Haiti claimed independence in 1804 when there was a slave rebellion. This freed the slaves and gave them independence from France. However, through the lens of the US and European powers, independent Haiti would be viewed continually as a threat to hemispheric and

The Criminal Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Criminal Trial - Essay ExampleWhen the trial begins, the criminal prosecution and the defence reaction reaction make their opening statements to the jury. The purpose of these statements are to provide an outline of the content that each side expects to prove (Bergman & Barrett, 2009). The statements only include what the attorneys know that they can render to the jury.The prosecutor then presents its principal case by means of direct examination of prosecution witnesses by the prosecutor themselves. At this time, the defense is allowed to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses the prosecution is then allowed to re-examine its witnesses. After this procedure, the prosecution is done with presenting their case.The defense is then given the chance to dismiss the charges if they feel that the prosecution failed at providing enough relevant evidence to support a guilty finding of fact for the person being charged. The judge denies the motion to dismiss, an act that is rare but still seen.It is now the defenses turn to present their case through means of direct examination of the defense witnesses. The prosecutor is given the opportunity to cross-examine the defense witnesses, followed by a re-examination of the defense witnesses. The defense is then finished presenting their case.The prosecution gives its closing transmission line, summarizing the evidence as the prosecution sees it and explaining why the jury should render a guilty verdict (Neubauer, 2010). The defense makes a similar closing argument, though they explain to the jury why they should not render a guilty verdict, or, at the very least, assign a guilty verdict on a lesser charge, known as a plea bargain. The prosecution is offered a final closing argument if they wish to argue their plausible evidence that supports a guilty verdict.The jury is given instructions by the judge on what law to apply to the case and how they should carry out their duties. The jury deliberates and attempts to r each a verdict in most cases, a unanimous agreement

Gandhi and Wollstonecraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gandhi and Wollstonecraft - Essay ExampleIt firstly could be used to refer to a sovereign rulers external power and freedom. However, it is the guerilla definition that applied more so to Gandhis perspectives, it a freedom of spirituality, freed from all illusions, and understanding of the heavy(p) absolute truths. (Gandhi 17-18). The two concepts do have a relationship in Gandhis philosophy. He believed that it was not for masses to behave violently against others, because only someone or something that had true understanding of all of the great truths has the right to judge another, which we do not. Swaraj could easily be referencing the afterlife and oneness with thought, knowledge, and inevitably God. Regardless of the motivations toward non-violent protest, many have attempted Gandhi-like protests with mixed results. Unfortunately, there may be advantages to non-violent protests, but the disadvantages are also rather extreme.Non-violence has been applied to many political an d social struggles throughout history. Dr. Martin Luther King used many forms of non-violent protests to advance the immenseness of the Civil Rights Movement. One of the most famous and successful expression of non-violent protest was the Bus Boycott in the 1960s that, nearly plummeted the public transportation formation (Mach 1). Of course, we cannot forget the actions of Rosa Parks, who peacefully but firmly refused to five up her seat. These non-violent actions contributed greatly to changing the world and ending the discrimination of segregation. In this case, that is what many people remember about his leadership. No matter how unkind, abusive, and ignorant people were his protest would remain non-violent.Another poignant example of non-violent protest is the burning monk. The Vietnam War is a controversial one even today arguments concerning the actions taken during that time will garner great and heated debate. Protests were common in the

A Learning Experience Essay Example for Free

A Learning Experience EssayIn this content, there will be a discussion on how someone ignore learns how to not use doses and what it was like for them before and aft(prenominal) their initial use. There will be an identification of what someone would learn from using to not using. withal included in the discussion there will be a description of how someones learning could make up occurred through classical conditioning, identifying the inborn stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. An explanation will be given in regards to how their learning could have occurred through operant conditioning, describing the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. There will be an address of how the learning could have occurred through cognitive-social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let us say that someone has been doing drugs on a social basis, living a wild and c arfree lifestyle. Until one daylight, a different way of using the drug becomes introduced. In that instance the drug is introduced, it becomes an automatic soakion.It becomes an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain that rush repeatedly. It is the loss of all control and the beginning of losing the power of life. The person frits at the thought of the drug and loses control when they cannot flap a hold of it when they want it and how they want it. It becomes a part of their lifestyle and it becomes more difficult for them to lose the desire after a long period of using. It takes a power greater then themselves to quit and the help of people like them who have been clean.With the help and support of these people, the desire to use becomes less(prenominal) and less and the disease of addiction, becomes arrested. What is Learned through the Experience The long term learning experience is learning to live without the use of drugs. Living with the use of drugs causes many to live a life of unmanageability. It leads to a time in an addi cts life when they seek a place where they can receive help, therefore leading to a clean life. They no longer want to live with the obsession of using and no longer with a life of insanity.Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, erudite Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus suitable of eliciting a given response after being repeatedly presented with an unconditioned (significant) stimulus (Oxford Reference, 2007). For example, an addict may use a pipe, cigarillos, roll up papers, or syringes (conditional stimulus) whenever an addict set out to use their preferred drug of choice.Eventually, the addict becomes craved at the presence of these items (conditional response), even when the drug was absent (unconditional stimulus). Therefore, the absence of the drug leads to the overwhelming desire to use (unconditional response). If the drugs and all the items are present and the n something runs out, the conditional and unconditional stimuli occurs together and are presented at the same place, making the addict powerless.Operant Conditioning, Behavior, Consequence, ReinforcementOperant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning where an individual forms an association between a particular behavioral response and a particular reinforcement (Oxford Reference, 2007). In the case of an addict, when an addict takes the first drug it may be pleasant, but then a thousand is never enough. Therefore, the cliche becomes an addicts worst nightmare. They use to live and live to use, resulting in the disease of addiction. Once an addict realizes the more they use the more unpleasant it gets, they do not want to face the consequences of jails, institutions, or death.Therefore, they seek the help of come uping addicts, admit their powerlessness over the drug, and make a choice to come clean. As an addict attempts to come clean, they need the reinforc ement of Narcotics Anonymous meetings on a daily basis. It is recommended that a unexampledcomer attend 90 meetings in 90 days, consociate themselves with some other(prenominal) recovering addicts of the same sex, and to seek out a sponsor to work the Twelve Steps. With all these options that Narcotics Anonymous provides helps a recovering addict get well on their way to living a clean productive life.The recovering addict needs to be constantly reminded to take it a day at a time, remember that they didnt become an addict over night, to keep going back (to meetings), and easy does it. If an addict keeps coming back, they are less likely to go out an relapse but if they keep beating themselves up, do not change the people, places, and things around them, and continue to keep their old behaviors, they are just punishing themselves making it less likely for them to return to meetings and instead go out and use.Cognitive-Social Learning Cognitive-social learning incorporates the ge neral concepts of conditioning, but rather than relying on a simple stimulus and response model, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism, stimulus-organism-response (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of an addict, addicts have attitudes, beliefs, expectations, motivations, and emotions that affect learning (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010).In the case of a recovering addict, these old beliefs, attitudes, false motivation and expectations, and lost emotions, being in the rooms of a Narcotics Anonymous meeting helps them to socialize with other recovering addicts and soon the newcomer is able to learn new behaviors through the observations, suggestions, and reading of literature given. In a roundabout way, the newcomer begins by imitating and communion in meetings, gains a comfort, develops a sense of security, and becomes honest with themselves, allowing them to become honest with other recovering addicts.They learn that not one person is di fferent from another in a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, but they are all alike, one addict reaching out to help another addict recover. Conclusion With the proceed socialization and fellowshipping of Narcotics Anonymous, a recovering addict can lose the constant desire to use, find a power greater than themselves, and live a new life taking it a day at a time because any day clean is a day of success. Classical conditioning is a learned behavior that happens with or without the drugs being present.Operant conditioning is knowing that there are consequences for this learned ehavior (drug use), that results in punishment (an addict trying to recover but still having the presence of their old people, places and things resulting in relapse), and lead to a desire to have positive reinforcement (an addict entering into recovery after a life of defeat). Cognitive-social learning is coming to the realization that through participation in the Narcotics Anonymous program, it becomes easier to recover seeing that other addicts too have elect to recover (imitating and practicing the principles, traditions, and completing the twelve steps).

Coraline Essy Essay Example for Free

Coraline Essy EssayIn response to the school boards request for learner feedback, I am writing to express my opinion about which should be used to teach about the ideate genre, Coraline the book or Coraline the video. In my opinion, I believe that Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre. This is because the sounds, animations, and new fibers all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. By the time you finish reading this, you will surely end up being persuaded that Coraline the movie has more elements and examples ofFantasy than in the book. The first degree that make headways Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is animation. The animations in the movie were cartoon people, which means the characters dont necessarily have to do things real people can do. Another element of animation that makes the movie more rattling(a) is that you can see exactly what the character is doing but in the book it is Just your imagination. Also, in the movie, special set up can be added to make the scenes look more fantastical. Overall, the animations from the movie show more elements of fantasy than in the book.Secondly, the new and different characters in the movie make Coraline the movie have more elements of fantasy than the book. In the movie, the other mother turns the other dad into a pumpkin instead of a blob. This is more fantastical because pumpkins are plants and the fact that a pumpkin is alive and speaks is very fantastical. The second example of new and different characters is Wybie Lovat. He is a new character that is in the movie but not the book. He adds more fantasy because he finds a doll that looks Just like Coraline and gives it to her.The new and different haracters is the second detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy. The third detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is sound. The sound from the movie can let you hear the characters shadiness of voice while speaking which lets you know if what they are saying sounds fantastical. The second thing is that you can hear background sounds and noise. This adds to Fantasy because it lets you hear strange sounds in the background that make it more fantastical. The third thing is that in the movie you can hear how loud the character is speaking.This can let you know how the character feels which adds on to the fantastical elements. I have now expressed my opinion on which to use to teach the Fantasy genre. Coraline the movie has many elements and examples of Fantasy. Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre because the sounds, animations, and new or different characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. directly that you have taken a look at many examples and elements of Fantasy in the movie, I hope that you consider using Coraline the movie to teach Fantasy in schools.

Rewilding North America Essay Example for Free

Rewilding North America EssayThe earth is a planet that contains not barely valet de chambre beings but also animals. Unfortunately, tribe do not respect animals well enough since the idea is that human beings are much smarter than animals. However, we are two different kinds that cannot survive without each other. Luckily, there are some people who care about animals and try to make people be a better of wildlife like old times.A lot of animals die because of human beings al around everyday. Most of those occur on roads and highways. Therefore, scientists research to prevent those losses. One of the most important things that they did is called Y2Y which is a short form of Yellowstone to Yukon. Y2Y is a corridor that includes national forests, isolated parks and most importantly it is roadless, Y2Y is not only preserve animals but it also makes people change their minds.For example, the pressure of Y2Y makes people build bridges on highways for the animals. So that, the animals that live there have a chance to avoid the cars on the highways. In addition to Y2Y, isolated parks play a vital role of preservation of animals. Although I think isolated parks are outstanding opportunities for animals in order to live fearlessly, some scientists strongly oppose. They claim that because of isolated parks, animals have to live in smaller areas.According to the scientists, if the area where animals live gets smaller, there will be less species exist. The scientists who have two opposite sites argue that if single large is more beneficial for animals or several small. In conclusion, human beings and animals are parts of the ecosystem which cannot be thought either one of them do not exist. In my opinion, the world would be a better place if people try to be more responsible and respectful to animals.

Impacts of Land Use on the Tinson Pen

Impacts of basis Use on the Tinson PenThe trans porthole firmament in Jamaica may be con grimacered to pee-pee on road, rail, demeanor and maritime gestate (See Figure 1 App arrestix 6). The Ministry of Housing, move, Water and Works (MHTWW) has prep atomic number 18d a indite National Transport constitution to provide a framework for the coming(prenominal) emergence of the sector. As it pertains to argumentation transportation, Jamaicas air transport dodge comprises an external placement and a interior(prenominal) system. The three (3) main entities in the air transport sector ar the Aviation Service Providers such(prenominal) as aerodromes, air barter military services, aircraft upkeep organizations, airlines and AEROTEL Users of air transport, such as passengers and shippers, and the Regulator, the Jamaica Civil Aviation allowance (JCAA). The service providers and regulator press forward air transportation in Jamaica in a manner that conforms with interna tional best practices stipulated by the fall(a) in Nations body responsible for civil aviation, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).The 1974 enactment of the dromes Authority bite transferred to the Airports Authority of Jamaica (AAJ), responsibilities for the ownership, management and commercialised functions of the cardinal (2) international dromes Norman Manley International Airport (NMIA) and the Sangster International Airport (SIA). In 1997, AAJs responsibility was expanded to integrate the cardinal (4) active ho using up servant aerodromes Boscobel, Ken J unrivaleds, Negril and the Tinson Pen. One of the pristine responsibilities of the AAJ is to oersee the amplification and modernization of facilities at the is inflicts international and domestic aerodromes.Special emphasis result be rigid on Tinson Pen aerodrome for the purpose of this research. Essentially the life-sustaining issue to be addressed is the come to that existing and proposed kingdom subprograms fuck off had on the trading operations of the Tinson Pen aerodrome. The rational for selecting the Tinson Pen aerodrome is contingent upon the particular that the Tinson Aerodrome represents a critical support system in Jamaicas domestic air transportation system. Located on Marcus Garvey Drive Kingston, Tinson Pen Aerodrome is economic consumptiond for oecumenical aviation, commuter and charter flights courier services and flight prep atomic number 18 and aircraft nourishment services. It currently provides these services from operators including International Airlink, Wings Jamaica Limited, Caribbean Aviation Centre, Is knowledge domain Aviation Service, Air Speed Limited, Strescon and Tara Courier. It is the bombasticst of the countrys four domestic aerodrome It is adjacent to the Kingston Wharves, one of the largest trans-shipment port in the English-speaking Caribbean and a major(ip) highway which has improved regional connectivity. It is a vital commercial link mingled with Kingston and Montego Bay. Whether it is by commercial or general aviation, access to aviation plays a key role in the conduct of daily origin without the country. Close proximity to aerodromes increases opportunities for corporations and industries doing business in Kingston and St Andrew by permitting safe, efficient, and cost- effectual travel for business passengers and freight. In light of Jamaicas geographic jam, the is defeat is vulnerable to Hurri substructurees. The first facilities to become incapacitated ar the devil international aerodromes imputable to their close proximity to the sea. However Norman Manley International has a greater vulnerability beca intent it is located on a peninsula which continues to be severely inundated subsequent to the passage of hurri give the bouncees. However the Tinson Pen aerodrome has survived all of the major disasters and as a result has emerged as a critical corroborate up facility to the Norman M anley International Airport. This manifested itself after hurricane Ivan when relief supplies had to be f poorn out of Tinson Pen beca lend oneself the Palisadoes was impassable. Despite greater emphasis from the organization creation placed on international air transportation the importance of revitalizing domestic air transportation has excessively been on the Governments agenda. According to the National Transport Policy Final Draft the strategic objectives outline the need to promote an efficient and productive aviation industry which lead compete domestically and internationally and facilitate the development and commercialisation of the domestic aerodromes. Essentially, if Jamaica is to reinvigorate domestic air travel special attention must be directed to the understanding the jar that let down practice session has on our aerodromes operation, how to assess these fixs and identify various mitigation strategies to protect our aerodromes.Tinson Pen has to contend with a myriad of developments occurring adjacent to the Kingston Waterfront including the embrasure expansion, track 2000, Marcus Garvey Road Improvements, Factories Corporation of Jamaica, communities such as Greenwich Farm, Union Gardens and Majestic Gardens. In understanding the impacts that these and other arrive physical exertions submit on the Tinson Pen aerodrome, creates the hazard for next development initiatives in the domestic air transportation to follow a rational jut out process to ensure aerodrome are an efficient, serviceable and unified part of the air transportation system.Problem StatementThe underlying issue as it relates to the Tinson Pen aerodrome is in relation to the possible occurrence of ill-sorted ground affair within the aerodrome environs that may have a negative impact on the dromes operations with regards to airdrome encumbrance, general safety, and airspace protection question GoalTo examine the need for down intent devicening for ex isting footing use and potential developments within the field of operations theater connect to the Tinson Pen aerodrome. The proposition will identify and examine current and future in congenial nation uses within the drome environs, which may contrast with the proposed airdromes operations in relation to noise, public safety and airspace protection.Research ObjectivesTo determine the Tinson Pen airport topical anaestheticity boundariesTo examine the importance of domestic aerodromes as an integrated part of the air transportation systemTo identify the existing unload use within the airport localityTo examine current world employ within the study area and whatsoever proposed developments by one-on-one, government or NGOs and what impact they may have on the proposed airports operations.To identify land use ascertain methods that will ensure the protection of the airports operations and the reciprocal protection of land use within the airports locality.To assess the applicability of land use concord measures that diminish the publics exposure to excessive noise and safety hazards within areas virtually the Tinson Pen Aerodrome.To examine the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local confederation in land use compatibility intentionning and executing.To identify and examine the effectiveness of current local and international regulations, legislation and polices related to airport operations and land use compatibility formulatening.Research QuestionsWhat is the importance of the Tinson Pen aerodrome to Jamaicas Air Transportation system?What is the current land usage within the study area and any proposed developments by private, government or NGOs and how will they impact on the airports operations?How congruous are the adjacent development/land use harmonious with aviation related activities?To what consummation can land use within the airport locality be reserved for cong ruous uses?What are the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local residential area and to what extent are they exercised in land use compatibility homework and implementation for airports in Jamaica?Is in that location any legislation and regulations related to airport operations and land use compatibility planning and how important is it to have this legal framework established?How effective can zoning ordinances/regulations facilitate airport operations belles-lettres reassessmentINTRODUCTIONJamaicas air transportation infrastructure consists of the two international airports Norman Manley and Sangster International along with four domestic aerodromes which are Tinson Pen, Boscobel, Ken Jones and Negril. From a macro-economic side both international airports are critical to Jamaica economic viability. Access to aviation is essential to the business traveler, an aid to the farmer, and an unparalleled convenience to t he tourist. As it relates to domestic aerodromes, The course to which our domestic aerodromes have been integrated into the transport system is questionable and may be linked to the unfortunate reality that the development of the transportation system has been fetching place in the absence of a comprehensive, well articulated National Transport Policy that should guide its overall development and ensure that proper(postnominal) transportation initiatives such as the Tinson pen aerodrome are integrated into an overall vision for economic and social development.The critical issue faced by airports both domestic and international airports across the world is the origination of land use conflicts within airport locality because of inadequate zoning and land use planning FAA Airports Division (1999). According to Federal Aviation Administration (1998) in the article Airport Compatible Land Use it outlined the fact that in the United States (USA) this failure to protect the airport env irons has led to the loss of many airports from their national inventory of landing facilities. In the past five eld, an come of over 60 public-use landing facilities has been lost every year. The article highlighted the fact that the calls to close the airports identified zoning laws or the lack thereof as a major contributor. This problem by extension has manifested itself at the Tinson Pen aerodrome. In particular, the problems implicate the port expansion, road developments, encroachment of communities to name a few. This literature freshen up seeks bring forth context to the issues faced at the Tinson Pen aerodrome by sourcing literature which examine the importance of domestic aerodromes in the air transport system, carry all the critical processes and components of Land use planning for airports, examine the impact that land use conflicts have on aerodrome operation, examine the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local community in land use compatibility planning and implementation and how effective local and international regulations, legislation and polices are to airport operations and land use compatibility planning.Determination of Airport Locality BoundariesAccording to the Virginia Department of Aviation (2006), to implement effective land use planning and control measures around airports, it is infallible to identify specific planning boundaries. These boundaries will define the airport environs for land-use planning purposes. It highlighted the fact that it is important for airport owners, elected officials, land-use planners and developers to understand the components of an effective compatible airport land-use plan. A comprehensive plan will incorporate federal and state airport design criteria, safety of flight requirements and land use alimentation unique to the community. The Department of Aviation made reference to the need to accurately represent airport boundaries, re commending that Safety Zones, Standard Traffic Patterns, Overflight Areas, Noise Contours and utter nearly divide 77 top restriction criteria be make doed by land-use planners when developing zoning ordinances, airport overlay districts and comprehensive land-use plans for their community. A comprehensive plan for airport-compatible land-uses should include an area large enough to consider all these factors.Airport earn proposalThe Airport secure programme is a document that details the long-term development of an airport. The plan includes the tuition, analyses, and resulting decisions and policies guiding the future development of an airport, typically over a 20-year planning period. To tint future demands, the need for facilities on the public side and field of battle side of an airport must be detailed in advance, free- anchord on an established approach for ascertain need and possible impacts to the community, with a plan for implementation and funding FAA (1998). Updates to the original r apiece plan are required to document significant changes in policies or development needs. Through the grooming of a victor plan, justification can be established, substitute(a)s reviewed, public comment received, and a policy set for the future so that subsequent land use decisions can be comparisond against an established plan.Essential elements of the airport master plan are outlined in FAA Advisory nib (AC) one hundred fifty/5070-6, Airport Master Plans, (1985). Although each airport and community that an airport serves are unique, there are standard elements of any airport master planning process. These elements include the avocation schedule of lively Facilities and AirspaceThis initial step in the airport master planning process identifies and establishes a database of existing airport facilities, and reviews information about the airport service area, the surrounding communities, and the existing airspace and navigational aids. An histori cal review of aeronautical activity, development of facilities, and community issues is besides included. This inventory of facilities and services establishes a base against which to compare future development.Forecasts of Anticipated Growth in ActivityInformation is collated on the numbers of operations (take-offs and landings), passengers, based aircraft, and cargo tonnage moved socioeconomic data national trends affecting airport growth and other information are collected for consideration in preparing aviation demand forecasts. The forecast years are typically in five-year increments with a planning horizon of 20 years. The forecasts needed include enplanements, local and itinerant operations, based aircraft, cargo and mail tonnage, and peak-hour characteristics for passengers and operations. ground on the fictional character of airport being studied, forecasts of international and domestic passengers and projections of air carrier and commuter operations may too be require d.Demand/ subject analysisThe capacitor of various airport facilities discussed in the facility inventory is compared to the future demand for these facilities as supported by the aviation demand forecasts. Airside cleverness is persistent and compared with aircraft demand forecasts to determine the need for and timing of new tracks, runway extensions, taxiways, or additional navigational aids that will increase capacity. Airspace capacity is also examined based on projected aircraft fleet compound, the proposed runway configuration, the locations of other airports in the area, and the types of operations (instrument approaches and visual approaches).Terminal area capacity needs are find out for terminal areas and gates, curbside, and public and employee automobile parking. Surface access capacity for get up roads into and out of the airport, including terminal areas, cargo areas, and general aviation facilities, must be reviewed to determine what future capacity is lendabl e in the roadway system. Demand for other facilities on the airport, such as fuel farms, cargo areas, maintenance areas, and general aviation facilities is also determined. Lastly, revenue-producing non-aviation uses, such as industrial parks, and hotels, may also be reviewed. The need for any of these facilities is balanced against the availability of land to meet future airport needs and consideration of what is the highest and best use of available land. In addition, the timing of the improvements must be considered based on need and available funding.AlternativesBecause options ofttimes exist as to how to serve the future needs of an airports service area, an analysis of alternatives that can meet the projected growth while achieving community goals is conducted as a critical part of the master planning process. The alternatives analysis results in a recommendation for the about reasonable development approach that maintains an acceptable mix of airport-related land uses, consi ders airspace and environmental fixs, and remains responsive to community concerns.Environmental AnalysisExisting and potential environmental impacts, and any possible mitigation of ominous environmental impacts, must be considered during the master planning process. This portion of the master plan, while not to the detail required in an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement as outlined by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), should provide an overview of environmental issues and potential mitigation to be considered with the implementation of the selected airport development plan.Plan ImplementationA schedule for development and review of available funding is required-with the selection of a preferred alternative for airport development. The financial feasibility of the implementation of the master plan development must be considered, including both large(p) and ongoing operating costs. Five-, 10-, and 20-year development plans are provided with a m ore Page V-5 V. Airport and Local Land Use Planning Processes detailed look at the shorter-term (five-year) projects to be included in the airport capital improvement program.Airport Layout PlanAccording to the California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook (2002) a compatibility plan should contain a potation showing the locations of existing and proposed airport runways, runway protection zones, property boundaries, and any other features which have implications for land use compatibility as aforementioned. However it also identifies the fact that these drawing may be a formal airport layout plan prepared by the airport proprietor as part of an airport master plan or other planning process and alternatively, it can be a more simplified drawing emphasizing the airports fundamental features. This information is a critical component to be retrofitted to this research. It is predicated upon the fact that current airport layout plan is not available for the Tinson Pen aerodrome. This h appens as a result of the airport proprietor not keeping it current and is particularly common for small, privately owned facilities where no layout plan may have ever been prepared.Adopted Master Plan ExistsThe California Department of Transportation Division of Aeronautics generally does not become involved when a long-range master plan has been select by the agency owning the airport and the plan is reasonably current. If the master plan is old, the layout plan contained in it may need to be updated to reflecting recent construction. Such updates should past be submitted to the Division of Aeronautics for approval. Another situation which sometimes arises is that an airport master planning process is being conducted concurrently with the preparation or update of a compatibility plan. If the master plan is expected to propose airport development which could have airport compatibility implications, it may be advantageous for the compatibility plan to include policies which take i nto government note the anticipated changes. However, the compatibility plan still needs to be based upon the master plan which is in effect.Airport Layout Plan AvailableWhen a master plan does not exist or was never adopted by the airport owner, but an airport layout plan is available, the Division of Aeronautics is responsible for reviewing the plan and any associated activity projections for currency and suitability for airport land use planning purposes. The Division of Aeronautics may suggest modifications to the plan if deemed necessary.No Airport Plan ExistsWhen no plan exists, the commission typically will need to prepare a simplified or diagrammatic airport layout drawing on which to base its land use compatibility plan. Such drawings need not be detailed. The only components essential to show are ones which may have off-airport compatibility implicationsspecifically runways, runway protection zones, airport property lines and traffic patterns. Also, because lack of an air port layout plan mostly occurs only with regard to low-activity, often privately owned, airports for which few changes are anticipated, the plan scarcely needs to reflect the existing conditions.Typical Airport Traffic patternSpecific areas to be considered at and around airports are defined by two major Federal Aviation Administration criteria Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) breach 77 Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace and FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 Airport Design Standards. These two autochthonic documents provide the form the basis for delineating the repairs of the environs affected by aircraft near airports.FAR mapping 77 establishes standards for determining which structures pose potential obstructions to air navigation. It does this by establishing standards for defining obstructions to navigable airspace. These airspace areas are referred to as Imaginary Surfaces. Objects affected include existing or proposed objects of immanent growth, terrain, or permanen t or temporary construction including equipment that is permanent or temporary in character. The imaginary jumps outlined in FAR Part 77 include Primary SurfaceTransitional SurfaceHorizontal SurfaceConical SurfaceApproach SurfaceFAR Part 77 distinctly defines these surfaces as followsPrimary Surface The primary surface is longitudinally revolve around on a runway. When the runway has a specially prepared strenuous surface, the primary surface extends 200 feet beyond each end of that runway. When the runway has no specially prepared hard surface, or planned hard surface, the primary surface terminates at each end of the runway. The breadth of a primary surface ranges from 250 feet to 1,000 feet depending on the existing or planned approach and runway type (i.e., visual, non precision, or precision).Transitional Surface Transitional surfaces extend outward and upward at right angles to the runway centerline and are extended at a list of seven (7) feet crosswisely for each foot vertically (71) from the sides of the primary and approach surfaces. The transitional surfaces extend to where they intercept the horizontal surface at a height of 150 feet above the runway elevation. For precision approach surfaces, which project through and beyond the limits of the conical surface, the transitional surface also extends a distance of 5,000 feet metric horizontally from the edge of the approach surface and at right angles to the runway centerline. depict the dimensional requirements of the transitional surface.Horizontal Surface The horizontal surface is a horizontal plane located 150 feet above the established airport elevation, covering an area from the transitional surface to the conical surface. The perimeter is constructed by jive arcs from the center of each end of the primary surface and connecting the adjacent arcs by lines tangent to those areas. The radius of each arc is 5,000 feet for all runway ends designated as public utility company or visual, or 1 0,000 feet for all other runway ends.Conical Surface The conical surface is a surface extending upward and outward from the fringe of the horizontal surface at a slope of one foot for every 20 feet (201) for a horizontal distance of 4,000 feet.Approach Surface longways centered on the extended runway centerline, the approach surface extends outward and upward from the end of the primary surface. An approach surface is applied to each end of each runway based upon the type of approach. The approach slope of a runway is a ratio of 201, 341, or 501, depending on the sophistry of the approach. The length of the approach surface varies, ranging from 5,000 feet to 50,000 feet. The inner edge of the approach surface is the same width as the primary surface and expands uniformly to a width ranging from 1,250 feet to 16,000 feet depending on the type of runway and approach.Compatible Land UsesAccording to the Wisconsin Department of Aviation (2002), the types of airport compatible land us es depend on the location and size of the airport, as well as the type and volume of aircraft using the facility. Most commercial industrial uses, especially those associated with the airport, are good neighbors. Land uses where the airport creates the demand, such as motels, restaurants, warehouses, shipping agencies, aircraft related industries, as well as industries that benefit from access to an airport, are compatible land uses. At airport locations where there is not now a demand for these uses near the airport, communities may find it desirable to promote the use of this land for commercial or industrial use through a program of aids and incentives. Buildings and structures must not obstruct the aerial approaches to the airport, interfere with aircraft radio communications, or affect a pilots vision imputable to glistening or bright lights. Motels, restaurants and office buildings should also be soundproofed to make them more comfortable and attractive to clientele and empl oyees. Other uses compatible with airports are large parks, indoor garden areas and other open spaces. These land uses are created for public purposes and are opportunities for local government bodies to provide a compatible land use. Forestry services, landscape services, feisty maintain and some extractive industries such as mining and excavation are also land uses considered compatible with airports. Agriculture is another land use that is compatible with airport operations. While some types of animal farming are sensitive to aircraft noise, most agricultural uses are not adversely affected by airport operations. awkward land also allows the owner of property near the airport to make an efficient use of the land while benefiting the community in legal injury of airport protection.Incompatible Land UsesIncompatible airport land uses include residential development, schools, community centers, libraries, hospitals, religious service buildings, and tall structures. Residential housing is the most overriding urban land use, and also the use most incompatible with aircraft operations. As residential developments fill the vacant or former agricultural land between the urban settlement and the airport, the possibility of the residential developments restricting the airports potential increases. Residential growth restricts the airport by acquiring the land needed for expansion and by removing the buffer between the airport and residential neighborhoods. This buffer is important because it diminishes the impact of aircraft noise and less(prenominal)ens the possibility of an airplane accident in the residential neighborhood. As residential uses expand into this area around the airport, homeowners inevitably express concerns regarding safety and noise. Wisconsin experienced a strong population growth during the 1990s, gaining almost 400,000 new residents. metropolitan counties showed the most rapid growth. During a period of strong or rapid growth, residential uses have often developed too close to an airport. However, with careful planning there is no reason for the continued encroachment on the airport by this type of incompatible land use.Residential neighborhoods, schools, churches and other similar land uses are the most susceptible to the side effects of aircraft operations. It is neither in the interest of the homeowner nor the community to locate these uses where they will be subject to the sterling(prenominal) impact of aircraft takeoffs and landings. It is clearly in the public interest that action should be taken to prevent this land use conflict. Because this research seeks to highlight the impacts that land use have on the operations of the Tinson Pen, the aim is to identify the reciprocal effect of the aerodrome. Therefore the focus for the issue regarding residential communities locating near airports is not the associated noise impact on the community but the reciprocation of complaints which may apply pressure for an air ports closure. Other examples of incompatible land uses around airports include wetland mitigation, retention ponds, and land fills. These may appear to be good land uses around an airport but are restricted or could possibly be associated with wildlife hazards. Caution should also be exercised with wildlife preserves located near airports due to the possible wildlife hazards associated with them. The sound made by aircraft is a primary consideration in the determination of compatible land uses. Technical improvements in aircraft engines, flight paths that detour around populated areas, and changes in landing and takeoff procedures have continued to reduce the impact of aircraft noise. Aircraft will forever and a day create a level of noise that will make some land uses in the proximity of the airport incompatible.Compatibility ConcernsThe California Airport Land use compatibility handbook (2002) explained that airport land use compatibility concerns fall under two broad headings i dentified in state law noise and safety. However, for the purposes of formulating airport land use compatibility policies and criteria, further divided these concerns into four categories. These categories are noise, safety, overflight and airspace protection.The ICAO Environmental controls and land use (2001) highlighted the fact that there are basic categories of concern when discussing compatible land uses. The following outlines the top priority items that need to be addressed as part of a land use compatibility program. Some factors to consider include the density of developments and the height of structures. Other conditions to consider when planning for safe airport environs include inconvenience oneselfing lights, reflective glare, smoke, dust, induced fog, electronic interference, and bird attractants. These conditions can distract the pilot and interfere with their safe approach and departure from an airport. Land uses that can lead to, or contribute to, these conditions should be discouraged in the airport environs. In particular, proposed development should not be permitted beneath the approach surface of a runway if that development generates any of the potentially hazardous conditions described in the following paragraphs. This is by no means an inclusive list, however, it illustrates the diverse types of land uses that a planner needs to be cognizant of when developing an airport land use plan.Density DevelopmentA primary means of limiting the risks of damage or injury to persons or property on the ground due to near-airport aircraft accidents is to limit the density of land use development in these areas. The question of where to set these limits is dependent upon both the probability of an accident and the degree of risk that the community finds acceptable. From the antecedent sections, it is clear that accident probabilities increase with closer proximity to runway ends both because of greater concentration of aircraft over that area and be cause aircraft are flying at low altitude. The areas where aircraft regularly fly less than 500 feet above the ground are regarded as the most critical. Low flight altitudes present the greatest risks because they rear pilots less opportunity to recover from unexpected occurrences. Because aircraft are turning to follow the traffic pattern, this area encompasses more than just the area beneath the FAR Part 77 approach surface. Turns mostly take place between 2,000 and 5,000 feet from the runway end, dependiImpacts of Land Use on the Tinson PenImpacts of Land Use on the Tinson PenThe transport sector in Jamaica may be considered to include road, rail, air and maritime transportation (See Figure 1 Appendix 6). The Ministry of Housing, Transport, Water and Works (MHTWW) has prepared a draft National Transport Policy to provide a framework for the future development of the sector. As it pertains to air transportation, Jamaicas air transport system comprises an international system and a domestic system. The three (3) main entities in the air transport sector are the Aviation Service Providers such as airports, air traffic services, aircraft maintenance organizations, airlines and AEROTEL Users of air transport, such as passengers and shippers, and the Regulator, the Jamaica Civil Aviation Authority (JCAA). The service providers and regulator facilitate air transportation in Jamaica in a manner that conforms with international best practices stipulated by the United Nations body responsible for civil aviation, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).The 1974 enactment of the Airports Authority Act transferred to the Airports Authority of Jamaica (AAJ), responsibilities for the ownership, management and commercial functions of the two (2) international airports Norman Manley International Airport (NMIA) and the Sangster International Airport (SIA). In 1997, AAJs responsibility was expanded to incorporate the four (4) active domestic aerodromes Bosco bel, Ken Jones, Negril and the Tinson Pen. One of the primary responsibilities of the AAJ is to oversee the expansion and modernization of facilities at the islands international and domestic aerodromes.Special emphasis will be placed on Tinson Pen aerodrome for the purpose of this research. Essentially the critical issue to be addressed is the impact that existing and proposed land uses have had on the operations of the Tinson Pen aerodrome. The rational for selecting the Tinson Pen aerodrome is contingent upon the fact that the Tinson Aerodrome represents a critical support system in Jamaicas domestic air transportation system. Located on Marcus Garvey Drive Kingston, Tinson Pen Aerodrome is used for general aviation, commuter and charter flights courier services and flight training and aircraft maintenance services. It currently provides these services from operators including International Airlink, Wings Jamaica Limited, Caribbean Aviation Centre, Island Aviation Service, Air Sp eed Limited, Strescon and Tara Courier. It is the largest of the countrys four domestic aerodrome It is adjacent to the Kingston Wharves, one of the largest trans-shipment port in the English-speaking Caribbean and a major highway which has improved regional connectivity. It is a vital commercial link between Kingston and Montego Bay. Whether it is by commercial or general aviation, access to aviation plays a key role in the conduct of daily business throughout the country. Close proximity to airports increases opportunities for corporations and industries doing business in Kingston and St Andrew by permitting safe, efficient, and cost-effective travel for business passengers and freight. In light of Jamaicas geographic location, the island is vulnerable to Hurricanes. The first facilities to become incapacitated are the two international airports due to their close proximity to the sea. However Norman Manley International has a greater vulnerability because it is located on a penin sula which continues to be severely inundated subsequent to the passage of hurricanes. However the Tinson Pen aerodrome has survived all of the major disasters and as a result has emerged as a critical back up facility to the Norman Manley International Airport. This manifested itself after hurricane Ivan when relief supplies had to be flown out of Tinson Pen because the Palisadoes was impassable. Despite greater emphasis from the government being placed on international air transportation the importance of revitalizing domestic air transportation has also been on the Governments agenda. According to the National Transport Policy Final Draft the strategic objectives outline the need to promote an efficient and productive aviation industry which will compete domestically and internationally and facilitate the development and commercialisation of the domestic aerodromes. Essentially, if Jamaica is to reinvigorate domestic air travel special attention must be directed to the understand ing the impact that land use has on our aerodromes operation, how to assess these impacts and identify various mitigation strategies to protect our aerodromes.Tinson Pen has to contend with a myriad of developments occurring adjacent to the Kingston Waterfront including the Port expansion, Highway 2000, Marcus Garvey Road Improvements, Factories Corporation of Jamaica, communities such as Greenwich Farm, Union Gardens and Majestic Gardens. In understanding the impacts that these and other land uses have on the Tinson Pen aerodrome, creates the opportunity for future development initiatives in the domestic air transportation to follow a rational planning process to ensure aerodrome are an efficient, functional and integrated part of the air transportation system.Problem StatementThe underlying issue as it relates to the Tinson Pen aerodrome is in relation to the possible occurrence of incompatible land use within the airport environs that may have a negative impact on the airports op erations with regards to airport noise, public safety, and airspace protectionResearch GoalTo examine the need for land use planning for existing land use and potential developments within the study area related to the Tinson Pen aerodrome. The proposition will identify and examine current and future incompatible land uses within the airport environs, which may conflict with the proposed airports operations in relation to noise, public safety and airspace protection.Research ObjectivesTo determine the Tinson Pen airport locality boundariesTo examine the importance of domestic aerodromes as an integrated part of the air transportation systemTo identify the existing land use within the airport localityTo examine current land usage within the study area and any proposed developments by private, government or NGOs and what impact they may have on the proposed airports operations.To identify land use control methods that will ensure the protection of the airports operations and the recip rocal protection of land use within the airports locality.To assess the applicability of land use control measures that minimize the publics exposure to excessive noise and safety hazards within areas around the Tinson Pen Aerodrome.To examine the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local community in land use compatibility planning and implementation.To identify and examine the effectiveness of current local and international regulations, legislation and polices related to airport operations and land use compatibility planning.Research QuestionsWhat is the importance of the Tinson Pen aerodrome to Jamaicas Air Transportation system?What is the current land usage within the study area and any proposed developments by private, government or NGOs and how will they impact on the airports operations?How compatible are the adjacent development/land use compatible with aviation related activities?To what extent can land use with in the airport locality be reserved for compatible uses?What are the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local community and to what extent are they exercised in land use compatibility planning and implementation for airports in Jamaica?Is there any legislation and regulations related to airport operations and land use compatibility planning and how important is it to have this legal framework established?How effective can zoning ordinances/regulations facilitate airport operationsLITERATURE REVIEWINTRODUCTIONJamaicas air transportation infrastructure consists of the two international airports Norman Manley and Sangster International along with four domestic aerodromes which are Tinson Pen, Boscobel, Ken Jones and Negril. From a macro-economic perspective both international airports are critical to Jamaica economic viability. Access to aviation is essential to the business traveler, an aid to the farmer, and an unparallele d convenience to the tourist. As it relates to domestic aerodromes, The degree to which our domestic aerodromes have been integrated into the transport system is questionable and may be linked to the unfortunate reality that the development of the transportation system has been taking place in the absence of a comprehensive, well articulated National Transport Policy that should guide its overall development and ensure that specific transportation initiatives such as the Tinson pen aerodrome are integrated into an overall vision for economic and social development.The critical issue faced by airports both domestic and international airports across the world is the origination of land use conflicts within airport locality because of inadequate zoning and land use planning FAA Airports Division (1999). According to Federal Aviation Administration (1998) in the article Airport Compatible Land Use it outlined the fact that in the United States (USA) this failure to protect the airport e nvirons has led to the loss of many airports from their national inventory of landing facilities. In the past five years, an average of over 60 public-use landing facilities has been lost every year. The article highlighted the fact that the calls to close the airports identified zoning laws or the lack thereof as a major contributor. This problem by extension has manifested itself at the Tinson Pen aerodrome. In particular, the problems include the port expansion, road developments, encroachment of communities to name a few. This literature review seeks give context to the issues faced at the Tinson Pen aerodrome by sourcing literature which examine the importance of domestic aerodromes in the air transport system, show all the critical processes and components of Land use planning for airports, examine the impact that land use conflicts have on aerodrome operation, examine the roles and responsibilities of the state, local governments, private sector organizations and the local co mmunity in land use compatibility planning and implementation and how effective local and international regulations, legislation and polices are to airport operations and land use compatibility planning.Determination of Airport Locality BoundariesAccording to the Virginia Department of Aviation (2006), to implement effective land use planning and control measures around airports, it is necessary to identify specific planning boundaries. These boundaries will define the airport environs for land-use planning purposes. It highlighted the fact that it is important for airport owners, elected officials, land-use planners and developers to understand the components of an effective compatible airport land-use plan. A comprehensive plan will incorporate federal and state airport design criteria, safety of flight requirements and land use provisions unique to the community. The Department of Aviation made reference to the need to accurately represent airport boundaries, recommending that Sa fety Zones, Standard Traffic Patterns, Overflight Areas, Noise Contours and FAR Part 77 height restriction criteria be considered by land-use planners when developing zoning ordinances, airport overlay districts and comprehensive land-use plans for their community. A comprehensive plan for airport-compatible land-uses should include an area large enough to consider all these factors.Airport Master PlanThe Airport Master Plan is a document that details the long-term development of an airport. The plan includes the information, analyses, and resulting decisions and policies guiding the future development of an airport, typically over a 20-year planning period. To meet future demands, the need for facilities on the public side and airfield side of an airport must be detailed in advance, based on an established approach for determining need and possible impacts to the community, with a plan for implementation and funding FAA (1998). Updates to the original master plan are required to do cument significant changes in policies or development needs. Through the preparation of a master plan, justification can be established, alternatives reviewed, public comment received, and a policy set for the future so that subsequent land use decisions can be compared against an established plan.Essential elements of the airport master plan are outlined in FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5070-6, Airport Master Plans, (1985). Although each airport and community that an airport serves are unique, there are standard elements of any airport master planning process. These elements include the followingInventory of Existing Facilities and AirspaceThis initial step in the airport master planning process identifies and establishes a database of existing airport facilities, and reviews information about the airport service area, the surrounding communities, and the existing airspace and navigational aids. An historical review of aeronautical activity, development of facilities, and communit y issues is also included. This inventory of facilities and services establishes a base against which to compare future development.Forecasts of Anticipated Growth in ActivityInformation is collated on the numbers of operations (take-offs and landings), passengers, based aircraft, and cargo tonnage moved socioeconomic data national trends affecting airport growth and other information are collected for consideration in preparing aviation demand forecasts. The forecast years are typically in five-year increments with a planning horizon of 20 years. The forecasts needed include enplanements, local and itinerant operations, based aircraft, cargo and mail tonnage, and peak-hour characteristics for passengers and operations. Based on the type of airport being studied, forecasts of international and domestic passengers and projections of air carrier and commuter operations may also be required.Demand/Capacity AnalysisThe capacity of various airport facilities discussed in the facility inv entory is compared to the future demand for these facilities as supported by the aviation demand forecasts. Airside capacity is determined and compared with aircraft demand forecasts to determine the need for and timing of new runways, runway extensions, taxiways, or additional navigational aids that will increase capacity. Airspace capacity is also examined based on projected aircraft fleet mix, the proposed runway configuration, the locations of other airports in the area, and the types of operations (instrument approaches and visual approaches).Terminal area capacity needs are determined for terminal areas and gates, curbside, and public and employee automobile parking. Surface access capacity for surface roads into and out of the airport, including terminal areas, cargo areas, and general aviation facilities, must be reviewed to determine what future capacity is available in the roadway system. Demand for other facilities on the airport, such as fuel farms, cargo areas, maintena nce areas, and general aviation facilities is also determined. Lastly, revenue-producing non-aviation uses, such as industrial parks, and hotels, may also be reviewed. The need for any of these facilities is balanced against the availability of land to meet future airport needs and consideration of what is the highest and best use of available land. In addition, the timing of the improvements must be considered based on need and available funding.AlternativesBecause options frequently exist as to how to serve the future needs of an airports service area, an analysis of alternatives that can meet the projected growth while achieving community goals is conducted as a critical part of the master planning process. The alternatives analysis results in a recommendation for the most reasonable development approach that maintains an acceptable mix of airport-related land uses, considers airspace and environmental concerns, and remains responsive to community concerns.Environmental AnalysisE xisting and potential environmental impacts, and any possible mitigation of adverse environmental impacts, must be considered during the master planning process. This portion of the master plan, while not to the detail required in an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement as outlined by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), should provide an overview of environmental issues and potential mitigation to be considered with the implementation of the selected airport development plan.Plan ImplementationA schedule for development and review of available funding is required-with the selection of a preferred alternative for airport development. The financial feasibility of the implementation of the master plan development must be considered, including both capital and ongoing operating costs. Five-, 10-, and 20-year development plans are provided with a more Page V-5 V. Airport and Local Land Use Planning Processes detailed look at the shorter-term (five-year) pr ojects to be included in the airport capital improvement program.Airport Layout PlanAccording to the California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook (2002) a compatibility plan should contain a drawing showing the locations of existing and proposed airport runways, runway protection zones, property boundaries, and any other features which have implications for land use compatibility as aforementioned. However it also identifies the fact that these drawing may be a formal airport layout plan prepared by the airport proprietor as part of an airport master plan or other planning process and alternatively, it can be a more simplified drawing emphasizing the airports fundamental features. This information is a critical component to be retrofitted to this research. It is predicated upon the fact that current airport layout plan is not available for the Tinson Pen aerodrome. This happens as a result of the airport proprietor not keeping it current and is particularly common for small, privat ely owned facilities where no layout plan may have ever been prepared.Adopted Master Plan ExistsThe California Department of Transportation Division of Aeronautics generally does not become involved when a long-range master plan has been adopted by the agency owning the airport and the plan is reasonably current. If the master plan is old, the layout plan contained in it may need to be updated to reflecting recent construction. Such updates should then be submitted to the Division of Aeronautics for approval. Another situation which sometimes arises is that an airport master planning process is being conducted concurrently with the preparation or updating of a compatibility plan. If the master plan is expected to propose airport development which could have airport compatibility implications, it may be advantageous for the compatibility plan to include policies which take into account the anticipated changes. However, the compatibility plan still needs to be based upon the master pl an which is in effect.Airport Layout Plan AvailableWhen a master plan does not exist or was never adopted by the airport owner, but an airport layout plan is available, the Division of Aeronautics is responsible for reviewing the plan and any associated activity projections for currency and suitability for airport land use planning purposes. The Division of Aeronautics may suggest modifications to the plan if deemed necessary.No Airport Plan ExistsWhen no plan exists, the commission typically will need to prepare a simplified or diagrammatic airport layout drawing on which to base its land use compatibility plan. Such drawings need not be detailed. The only components essential to show are ones which may have off-airport compatibility implicationsspecifically runways, runway protection zones, airport property lines and traffic patterns. Also, because lack of an airport layout plan mostly occurs only with regard to low-activity, often privately owned, airports for which few changes a re anticipated, the plan merely needs to reflect the existing conditions.Typical Airport Traffic patternSpecific areas to be considered at and around airports are defined by two major Federal Aviation Administration criteria Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 77 Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace and FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 Airport Design Standards. These two primary documents provide the form the basis for delineating the limits of the environs affected by aircraft near airports.FAR Part 77 establishes standards for determining which structures pose potential obstructions to air navigation. It does this by establishing standards for defining obstructions to navigable airspace. These airspace areas are referred to as Imaginary Surfaces. Objects affected include existing or proposed objects of natural growth, terrain, or permanent or temporary construction including equipment that is permanent or temporary in character. The imaginary surfaces outlined in FAR Part 77 include Primary SurfaceTransitional SurfaceHorizontal SurfaceConical SurfaceApproach SurfaceFAR Part 77 clearly defines these surfaces as followsPrimary Surface The primary surface is longitudinally centered on a runway. When the runway has a specially prepared hard surface, the primary surface extends 200 feet beyond each end of that runway. When the runway has no specially prepared hard surface, or planned hard surface, the primary surface terminates at each end of the runway. The width of a primary surface ranges from 250 feet to 1,000 feet depending on the existing or planned approach and runway type (i.e., visual, non precision, or precision).Transitional Surface Transitional surfaces extend outward and upward at right angles to the runway centerline and are extended at a slope of seven (7) feet horizontally for each foot vertically (71) from the sides of the primary and approach surfaces. The transitional surfaces extend to where they intercept the horizontal surface at a heig ht of 150 feet above the runway elevation. For precision approach surfaces, which project through and beyond the limits of the conical surface, the transitional surface also extends a distance of 5,000 feet measured horizontally from the edge of the approach surface and at right angles to the runway centerline. depict the dimensional requirements of the transitional surface.Horizontal Surface The horizontal surface is a horizontal plane located 150 feet above the established airport elevation, covering an area from the transitional surface to the conical surface. The perimeter is constructed by swinging arcs from the center of each end of the primary surface and connecting the adjacent arcs by lines tangent to those areas. The radius of each arc is 5,000 feet for all runway ends designated as utility or visual, or 10,000 feet for all other runway ends.Conical Surface The conical surface is a surface extending upward and outward from the periphery of the horizontal surface at a slope of one foot for every 20 feet (201) for a horizontal distance of 4,000 feet.Approach Surface Longitudinally centered on the extended runway centerline, the approach surface extends outward and upward from the end of the primary surface. An approach surface is applied to each end of each runway based upon the type of approach. The approach slope of a runway is a ratio of 201, 341, or 501, depending on the sophistication of the approach. The length of the approach surface varies, ranging from 5,000 feet to 50,000 feet. The inner edge of the approach surface is the same width as the primary surface and expands uniformly to a width ranging from 1,250 feet to 16,000 feet depending on the type of runway and approach.Compatible Land UsesAccording to the Wisconsin Department of Aviation (2002), the types of airport compatible land uses depend on the location and size of the airport, as well as the type and volume of aircraft using the facility. Most commercial industrial uses, especially t hose associated with the airport, are good neighbors. Land uses where the airport creates the demand, such as motels, restaurants, warehouses, shipping agencies, aircraft related industries, as well as industries that benefit from access to an airport, are compatible land uses. At airport locations where there is not now a demand for these uses near the airport, communities may find it desirable to promote the use of this land for commercial or industrial use through a program of aids and incentives. Buildings and structures must not obstruct the aerial approaches to the airport, interfere with aircraft radio communications, or affect a pilots vision due to glare or bright lights. Motels, restaurants and office buildings should also be soundproofed to make them more comfortable and attractive to clientele and employees. Other uses compatible with airports are large parks, conservatory areas and other open spaces. These land uses are created for public purposes and are opportunities for local government bodies to provide a compatible land use. Forestry services, landscape services, game preserves and some extractive industries such as mining and excavation are also land uses considered compatible with airports. Agriculture is another land use that is compatible with airport operations. While some types of animal farming are sensitive to aircraft noise, most agricultural uses are not adversely affected by airport operations. Agricultural land also allows the owner of property near the airport to make an efficient use of the land while benefiting the community in terms of airport protection.Incompatible Land UsesIncompatible airport land uses include residential development, schools, community centers, libraries, hospitals, religious service buildings, and tall structures. Residential housing is the most prevalent urban land use, and also the use most incompatible with aircraft operations. As residential developments fill the vacant or former agricultural land be tween the urban settlement and the airport, the possibility of the residential developments restricting the airports potential increases. Residential growth restricts the airport by acquiring the land needed for expansion and by removing the buffer between the airport and residential neighborhoods. This buffer is important because it diminishes the impact of aircraft noise and lessens the possibility of an airplane accident in the residential neighborhood. As residential uses expand into this area around the airport, homeowners inevitably express concerns regarding safety and noise. Wisconsin experienced a strong population growth during the 1990s, gaining almost 400,000 new residents. Metropolitan counties showed the most rapid growth. During a period of strong or rapid growth, residential uses have often developed too close to an airport. However, with careful planning there is no reason for the continued encroachment on the airport by this type of incompatible land use.Residentia l neighborhoods, schools, churches and other similar land uses are the most susceptible to the side effects of aircraft operations. It is neither in the interest of the homeowner nor the community to locate these uses where they will be subject to the greatest impact of aircraft takeoffs and landings. It is clearly in the public interest that action should be taken to prevent this land use conflict. Because this research seeks to highlight the impacts that land use have on the operations of the Tinson Pen, the aim is to identify the reciprocal effect of the aerodrome. Therefore the focus for the issue regarding residential communities locating near airports is not the associated noise impact on the community but the reciprocation of complaints which may apply pressure for an airports closure. Other examples of incompatible land uses around airports include wetland mitigation, retention ponds, and land fills. These may appear to be good land uses around an airport but are restricted or could possibly be associated with wildlife hazards. Caution should also be exercised with wildlife preserves located near airports due to the possible wildlife hazards associated with them. The sound made by aircraft is a primary consideration in the determination of compatible land uses. Technical improvements in aircraft engines, flight paths that detour around populated areas, and changes in landing and takeoff procedures have continued to reduce the impact of aircraft noise. Aircraft will always create a level of noise that will make some land uses in the proximity of the airport incompatible.Compatibility ConcernsThe California Airport Land use compatibility handbook (2002) explained that airport land use compatibility concerns fall under two broad headings identified in state law noise and safety. However, for the purposes of formulating airport land use compatibility policies and criteria, further divided these concerns into four categories. These categories are noise, saf ety, overflight and airspace protection.The ICAO Environmental controls and land use (2001) highlighted the fact that there are basic categories of concern when discussing compatible land uses. The following outlines the top priority items that need to be addressed as part of a land use compatibility program. Some factors to consider include the density of developments and the height of structures. Other conditions to consider when planning for safe airport environs include distracting lights, reflective glare, smoke, dust, induced fog, electronic interference, and bird attractants. These conditions can distract the pilot and interfere with their safe approach and departure from an airport. Land uses that can lead to, or contribute to, these conditions should be discouraged in the airport environs. In particular, proposed development should not be permitted beneath the approach surface of a runway if that development generates any of the potentially hazardous conditions described in the following paragraphs. This is by no means an inclusive list, however, it illustrates the diverse types of land uses that a planner needs to be cognizant of when developing an airport land use plan.Density DevelopmentA primary means of limiting the risks of damage or injury to persons or property on the ground due to near-airport aircraft accidents is to limit the density of land use development in these areas. The question of where to set these limits is dependent upon both the probability of an accident and the degree of risk that the community finds acceptable. From the previous sections, it is clear that accident probabilities increase with closer proximity to runway ends both because of greater concentration of aircraft over that area and because aircraft are flying at low altitude. The areas where aircraft regularly fly less than 500 feet above the ground are regarded as the most critical. Low flight altitudes present the greatest risks because they offer pilots less oppor tunity to recover from unexpected occurrences. Because aircraft are turning to follow the traffic pattern, this area encompasses more than just the area beneath the FAR Part 77 approach surface. Turns mostly take place between 2,000 and 5,000 feet from the runway end, dependi