To Kill a Mockingbird Book Response Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Book Response Essay To Kill a Mockingbird is one the most suffering stories to be told. One reason for its allure is that it exposes social issues that stay as pertinent to day as they have been when Harper Lee (1988) composed it. One of the most fascinating features of the story is that it is told from the point of view of a youngster that challenges grown-up perusers guarantee to development and astuteness. The summation of Tom’s case is communicates the awfulness of the story: â€Å"Atticus had utilized each instrument accessible to free men to spare Tom Robinson, yet in the mystery courts of mens hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the moment Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and shouted. (pp. 244-245). This acknowledgment is the acknowledgment that the preliminary uncovered that in spite of the delineation of Maycomb, Alabama as a tired, tired town, there were noteworthy social clashes just underneath its social faã §ade. As a study hall material, the book’s transitioning style permits more youthful perusers to relate adequately with the story. Since the setting perhaps strange to understudies, there should exertion to clarify the social significance of the issues and its conceivable application today. There ought to be accentuation that Lee goes past race as an apparatus of separation and looks to address reprimand for contrasts with standard society. Lee’s work is a motivation to different essayists in drawing in their crowd. The introduction of different viewpoints on the issue without changing the voice of the story additionally permits perusers to handily put themselves in the narrator’s shoes as well as keep contact with their own. In the wake of perusing the book, one has the acknowledgment of the intensity of segregation and social rejection. Additionally, that paying little heed to how edified or tranquil individuals are, these issues consistently cause huge fracture and strife in the network. Reference Lee, Harper (1988). To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Grand Central Publishing Lee, Harper (2008). To Kill a Mockingbird. Book Rags. Recovered on February 20, 2008, from http://www.bookrags.com/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Crack In The Box By Hamill Essays - Drug Culture, Crack Cocaine

Split In The Box By Hamill To sum up the exposition, Crack in the Box, you need to comprehend the author and what he is stating, or the point he is attempting to make. In the article Crack in the Box The essayist Pete Hammil looks at the distinction among Television and the basic road sedate known as Crack Cocaine. The exposition begins with an account of a youngster snared on medications and living in neediness with a few kids. The kids are nearly mesmerized by the TV as Hamill is meeting her. As Pete Hammil is strolling back to his office he is contemplating all the sedate issues on the planet and how there influencing society today and goes to a guarantee which is a case of cause. Hamill's case is really an entire section at the point when he is pondering the medication issue and the 60,s to the present and infers that there was one significant distinction between that time and this, TV. The case that is made in the exposition Crack in the Box is basic, which is a case of cause alongside sub cases of realities. The cases of cause is expressed by relating the 60's to today when the medication development began. The realities with that guarantee are that in the 60's the medication issue was little and immaterial, presently the medication issue is colossal. Pete Hammil states a reality that The US speaks to just 2 percent of the total populace, yet, it devours 65 percent of the world's gracefully of hard medications. Presently Pete Hammil too questions legislative issues and the George Bush presidential battle, How Bush offers the conventional American reason it is another person's shortcoming. Shrub never inquires as to why such huge numbers of Americans request the medications. There is nothing to back those proclamations up in the passage. There is assign of correlation with back up the guarantee, for example, The expanded deals of TVs from the 1960's to the present. In the 60's there were 31,700,000 TVs in the nation, which has multiplied multiple times over to an astounding 184 million T.V. sets . Presently the correlation of Crack and Television comes more into play when Pete Hammil recommends that individuals grasped it, were occupied by it, maybe even adored it, in any case, they weren't shaped by it. That is a decent sub guarantee to interface TV furthermore, Crack cocaine together on the grounds that when individuals do break they become addicts, or need to an ever increasing extent, which is by all accounts something very similar TV is doing. Another case of actuality is that in the 60's there were just 1,234 medication captures which moved to a stunning 43,901 medication captures during the 80's. The sums reallocated by law implementation has expanded. During the 60s there were 97 ounces of cocaine reallocated in one year . Presently it's expanded to several pounds a year. The help of the fundamental case of cause is that there are upsetting similitudes as expressed in the article by Pete Hammil. How Mr. Hammil states that TV itself is a cognizance modifying instrument. That says that you can get away from reality with the dash of a catch, which, is something you can do with Crack Cocaine. In the paper Pete Hammil states that he has met numerous individuals with sedate issues and that none of them know why they do it they simply give him a seem as though it satisfies me. The paper was very instructive I thought, yet I neglect to see where the author viably presents ethos, sentiment, and logos. There was insufficient proof to back the story up to make it credible. It was a greater amount of an assessment paper that may persuade individuals that are searching for something to accept about the medication issue and why it exists. Despite the fact that there is an association between the two. TV is a departure from reality as are drugs. In any case, I don't feel that they can be connected to each other in light of the fact that they are 2 diverse world's. The realities that are expressed all through the exposition are a decent method to apply ethos, emotion, and logos, in spite of the fact that , they are not persuading enough to make a devotee out of each and every individual who peruses the paper. Hamill's case is surmised as I would like to think, it is in the section and it is Hamill thinking and he at that point arrives at a resolution that is by all accounts the case. Presently ethos is applied when Hamill is recounting to the story in the start about the lady on drugs.

Persuasive Writing - Using Typography in Your Sales Pitch

Persuasive Writing - Using Typography in Your Sales PitchWhen writing persuasive letters, the use of typography can be a great way to make your letters appealing. While some people may argue that this is not a good idea and that your message should be able to stand on its own, this is definitely not the case when it comes to persuasive writing.The best way to use typography in persuasive letters is to start with a strong font. Be sure to pick a large, bold typeface and take your time when choosing the fonts for your copy.You can use bold text or a regular font to highlight key points in your letter. Bold text should be used sparingly to keep the letter interesting. Once you have a bold font selected, use a few short paragraphs in a fairly simple format to provide the details of your sales pitch.As you read these paragraphs, you will begin to get an idea of what to use to create your most compelling letter. Keep the paragraphs short and simple so they are easy to understand without lo oking too wordy. Next, you will need to define your benefits as well as the benefits you are trying to sell.Give these two sections enough room to convey the content benefits of your product or service. In addition, make sure to include a list of testimonials to give the reader an idea of your credibility. Take care to have a professional feel about your copy so that the reader has a good idea of your intentions.The final paragraph should summarize your sales pitch. Make sure to direct the reader to take action immediately by informing them how to obtain your product or service and any shipping charges. Always include the correct contact information so that readers can follow up with you should they not be able to make a purchase in the near future.Your sales pitch can start by using a variety of different fonts in different sizes and bold. In order to include the weight and size of the letter, you will want to use bolding. Then, make sure to point out a few of the more important be nefits of your product or service.Don't be afraid to use multiple fonts in a single paragraph to make a strong demand for attention. Remember, the better your sales copy is written, the more the reader will be compelled to read the entire copy.

The Poverty Of The United States - 1727 Words

Poverty defined by the American Heritage Dictionary is â€Å"lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts† (Hirokazu Yoshikawa, 2012). Poverty in the United States is an issue that is often times overlooked because the focus of poverty is on developing and struggling countries. People often think America does not experience poverty because it is such a thriving country. The problem with this is that America is indeed struggling with poverty: â€Å"there are currently 488 counties in America where twenty percent of the population has lived below the poverty line for the past thirty years or more† (Clyburn, 2014, p. 1). Utilitarian ethics supports the idea to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In this case, the greatest good for the greatest number of people would be to stop poverty in the United States. The causes of poverty include: lack of jobs, lack of education, and overpopulation. The reasons are linked to government policies and th e way the officials handle situations. Poverty in America may not be as bad as some countries, yet it is time people focus on solving this before it gets out of hand. It is necessary to look at utilitarian ethics when talking about poverty because the greatest good is that poverty is fixed. Solving poverty would relieve many issues within the United States. Crime rates will lower, diseases and illnesses will decrease, and the world will be a better place. To solve poverty it is important to look at the causes. SomeShow MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens in poverty has risen. Several organizations have been set up to help those who suffer from poverty and provide their everyday needs. There are always ways where a community can help eliminate the amount of people suffering poverty. Government has an influence on how much money flow there is in the United States such as the FED, which was created to help maintain a stable monetary and financial system and control the money supp ly. People themselves can also help from falling into poverty, butRead MorePoverty Of The United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people hear the word poverty many people think of the bad connotations that come with it like, smelly homeless people that are crackheads and disease holders. Some people may even think they are uneducated or not hard working enough and rather ask for money instead of trying to get a job. Although a small portion of that may be true to some homeless people due to addictions on drugs and the toll it takes on their lives. The majority of homeless people are either veterans or immigrants, who findRead MorePoverty in the United States755 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the United States is getting in inferior quality every day and nothing is being done about it. Many people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues o n poverty. Poverty is defined as the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released Tuesday September 13thRead MorePoverty Of The United States Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty within the United States is defined as â€Å"having an income below a federally determined poverty threshold. † Poverty thresholds were developed by the United States government in the 60s. Over time these thresholds are adjusted to account for inflation; it is typical to adjust the poverty threshold levels annually. They represent the government’s estimate of the point below which a family has insufficient resources to meet their basic needs. Any family with less income than that establishedRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagessuch dialog, topics on the increasing and rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Pover ty is defined as a condition where one’s basics needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growthRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pages The Character of Poverty in America Poverty has always been a key factor in United States History. Ever sense Americas birth there have been groups affected by poverty, but the forms of the poverty that affected these groups have changed as well as the nature of poverty itself in the USA. The abolition of slavery, the forced assimilation of native Americans, and mass immigration changed character of poverty within the united states change due to an evolution from agriculture to industry and a changeRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measuremen t has hardly changed since it was createdRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order toRead MorePoverty Of The United States1475 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Poverty in the United States is defined as a social problem. As outlined in the text, a social problem is â€Å"a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy†. It is easy to see that there is a large economic divide in the United States, but with only a small percentage of people in the highest income stratification and the vast majority struggling to get by, the majority of United States citizens agree that there is tooRead MorePoverty Of The United States1529 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is an important issue in the United States. In fact, child poverty in the US is at its highest point in 20 years. [Flores Lesley, 2014] The poor are at a disadvantage, because they have an unfulfilled right to a good education. A majority of children attending public schools come from low-income families. It is hypothesized that a low household income correlates with poor achievement in school. A solution to poverty is for everyone to have a good education so everyone can be equally

Professional Learning Reflection Team White Krista Tharp...

Professional Learning Community Reflection Team White: Krista Tharp Descriptors Points possible Points earned Demographics All pertinent, available data included 5 Topic/Situation Detailed description of the behavior including frequency, latency, duration, and intensity (highlighted in yellow); include typical antecedents and consequences. 10 Correlation to Classroom Management Utilizes appropriate information and resources to highlight the need for student behavior modification including the impact on the individual and the impact on the classroom community 10 Special needs Considerations/concerns Clear and concise information pertaining to the behaviors as established in previous ECSP coursework; What is the function of the behavior? 10 Target behavior for modification Valid target behavior that actually impacts a student’s success 5 Strategies/ Suggestions 3 -4 strategies that are directly related to the student’s targeted behavior and is within the realm of modification for the classroom teacher and the student. 10 Total 50 Date: 11/27/16 Demographics: Josh is a 7-year-old African American male who is in the second grade. Josh is average in both height and weight. He wears clean clothes, although they do tend to sometimes be too large for his size,

Rebecca Skloot, The Author Of The Immortal Life Of Henrietta

Rebecca Skloot, the author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, vividly described a series of disturbing events that took place. Henrietta was a woman who helped changed the face of medicine. Her cancerous cells never died. Scientists and doctors experimented with them and created new treatments to various diseases. The disturbing events that occur after the death of Henrietta are crucial if her story is to be told correctly. Some of these events include sexual assault to one of Henrietta’s daughters, the beating of Joe, Henrietta’s son, as a child, and torture to people with illnesses like Elise, another one of Henrietta’s daughters. One of the most disturbing events in this book is when Deborah was sexually assaulted, and her father†¦show more content†¦Child abuse is not okay. No child should have to experience this. This is very disturbing because Skloot’s diction creates a vivid image in the reader’s mind. As Joe grew older, he no longer felt pain. All he felt was the rage. He even killed a man because of the mental trauma Ethel beat into him. Throughout the whole time, Day was oblivious. He had no clue his children were beaten and starved. It is insane how some parents have no time for the children and neglect them. They do not take time out of their day to ask them how they are, if they are okay, or simply spend time with them. Day did not even go see Elise, who was born with defects and sent to an institution. Elise was Henrietta and Day’s other child, who was born with many mental disabilities. They sent her off to â€Å"The Hospital for the Negro Insane† because they thought that would be best for her. They were wrong. Deborah went to this place long after Elise died and found a picture of her. â€Å"Elsie stands in front of a wall painted with numbers for measuring height. Her hair, which Henrietta once spent hours combing and braiding, is frizzy, with thick mats that stop just below the five-foot mark behind her. Her once-beautiful eyes bulge from her head, slightly bruised and almost swollen shut. She stares somewhere below the camera, crying, her face misshapen and barely recognizable, her nostrils inflamed and ringed with mucus; her lips – swollen to nearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesSeyi Mellissa, Elliott AP English September 10, 2016 The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks This is a book that tells a story of an African-American woman and the Scientific journey of her cells, it also goes in depth about how her daughter came to find out about her immortal cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks is divided into three layers and each part discusses different event that happened during the course of Henrietta’s life, death, and immortality. If the story was written in a chronologicalRead MoreThe Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe story and core argument The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks tells the story of Henrietta Lacks. In the early 1951 Henrietta discovered a hard lump on the left of the entrance of her cervix, after having unexpected vaginal bleeding. She visited the Johns Hopkins hospital in East Baltimore, which was the only hospital in their area where black patients were treated. The gynecologist, Howard Jones, indeed discovers a tumor on her cervix, which he takes a biopsy off to sent it to the lab for diagnosisRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1353 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Henrietta, was never given her own rights, and was used to benefit others. Scientists and researchers profited millions from the HeLa cell line, leaving Henrietta unaware of the legacy she left behind. Henrietta had tough up brining, and was a woman who was more concerned about other people than herself. The media and scientific community are responsible for treating and viewing Henrietta and he r family as abstractions. The author, Rebecca Skloot’s perceptionRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Uncountable major scientific discoveries, such as, the polio vaccine and blood pressure medicines came from the same root: HeLa cells; for several years no one questioned where the cells came from or what its initials stand for, although numerous studies across the world used and bought these cells. Rebecca Skloot, the author of the book â€Å"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,† performed a research investigating the origin of HeLa cells and the woman behind themRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, tells the story of how a young black woman died from cervical cancer and that her cells were harvested and grown in a laboratory without her consent. Shortly before her death, a doctor removed a small section of her cancer cells for testing and for research purposes. These cells would become the first and most important line of human cells to survive and continually grow in the laboratory environment. Her st ory highlights how African American people were exploitedRead MoreAn Analysis of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks1454 Words   |  6 PagesImmortal Life of Henrietta Lacks As human, people are supposed to be born with certain inalienable rights that everyone is entitled. One of these is the right to human dignity, which everyone should have. Yet, there are occasions where humans have been robbed of their rights as human beings just because they have had the misfortune to die. The concept of an inalienable right is the basis for the American constitution and should include rights to the body as well as the spirit. The case of HenriettaRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1425 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Skloot’s book â€Å"The immortal life of Henrietta lacks† chronicles the life, death, and immortality of Henrietta lacks. Her name is Henrietta lacks but most scientists only know her as HeLa. She was a poor southern tobacco land worker who worked on the same land her enslaved ancestors did. Henrietta was a young black woman whose cervical cancer cells became one of the most important factors in bringing about the most revolutiona ry advancements in both medicine and science in the twenty firstRead MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks Should Be Included As A Work Of Summer Reading1181 Words   |  5 PagesImmortal Learning Rebecca Skloot’s The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks should be included as a work of summer reading for its model of literary merit and valuable entertainment. Skloot’s powerful message and use of literary devices should make her book common in a high–school classroom. Unlike the labs who classified her as simply â€Å"HeLa†, Skloot took the initiative to reveal who the woman of the immortal cells truly was. As stated by her daughter Deborah,â€Å"[e]verything [is]Read MoreThe Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks1638 Words   |  7 Pagesseller author Rebecca Skloot published a book titled The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, in which she captured the life story of Henrietta Lacks and the start of her immortal life. Skloot describes the life, death, and aftermath that Henrietta had during her treatment at Johns Hopkins Hospital, in the 1950s. For further research with Henrietta’s condition doctors needed to take tissue samples of her cervix. Unaware to Henrietta that this procedure was taking place without her consent. Skloot takesRead MoreImproving The Health Of The Population1559 Words   |  7 Pages Should improving the health of the population be more important than that of the individual? This is the controversy that surrounds the idea of public health, and specifically, the life of Henrietta Lacks. Public health can be explained as the desire to do what is deemed necessary to keep society as a whole in a healthy state, by eliminating possible causes that may be leading to detrimental outcomes in the health of our nation. It is the research of cures, immunizations, quarantining, and raising

Munich Massacre free essay sample

The so-called Munich Massacre took place in the city of Munich on September 5, 1972, during the XX edition of the Summer Olympic Games. That day, a group of Palestinian terrorists called Black September took as hostages eleven of the twenty members of Israels Olympic team. buy assignment help This situation is consider as dispute because was a repercussion of a broader conflict, the war between Palestinians and Israelis; the differences in religion, believes and culture were the main causes of this dispute. This dispute was a violent, real, destructive, retributive, realistic, intergroup and interests’ conflict with ideological and historical causes and a parochial scope. This whole situation had an intractable character because the parties refused to negotiate. It had different stages: Latent Conflict, since the biblical time with the searching of Holy land; Emergence and Escalation, after the kidnapping everything just started to escalate in a higher level of intensity; Stalemate, neither of them wanted to back out and let the other win; and the stages of de-escalation, dispute settlement, post-conflict peace-building and reconciliation can’t be identified yet. We will write a custom essay sample on Munich Massacre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The conflict reached the escalated form with the increase of the intensity, the change from light tactics to heavy tactics with the use of weapons, the kidnapping and the murders. This escalation can be considered as a rational action and the predominant strategy used is the competing (I win, you lose). The Munich dispute was settled because they refused to negotiate so they resolved that was not an option. It was a predominantly competitive because the Palestinians and Israelis had a high concern for themselves and low concern for the others. The main type of power that was used was the coercive power because they were trying to pass over the other part. In this case there wasn’t any kind of trust between the parties, because the main conflict Palestinian-Israeli didn’t allow them to build a trust relationship. This negotiation was a domination, because the Palestine used the threat, and the psychological pressure in order to achieve their objectives. In this dispute the parties had a high concern for themselves, they just concerned about their own outcome. According to most of the elements the negotiation between Germans and Palestinian was Distributive and those weren’t real agreements at all, some of them were more like exigencies. The main characteristics of this agreement are the use of the violence as a source of power to get the objectives. During this dispute here were no alternative conflict resolution methods, because the scenario wasn? t the best for looking mediation of a third party. The media helped spreading worldwide the news allowing the people to know what is happening, but this can be positive and negative at the same time because in the positive way people outside the conflict could know about it, but in the negative way instead of doing it as a way to mediate the conflict what they did was to panic people intervening in a frivolous way on each action and also not telling the truth. In conclusion, there was no space to commit or compromise, the objectives were achieved and things weren? t managed in a proper way. The whole historical conflict is not ease to resolve, also in the struggles for land is very difficult to resolve a conflict, but the situation could have been avoided if the Palestinians could have looked for a less violent and also this situation should have been measured better by the German police.

The Curriculum of the Business Strategies

Introduction Students learn different courses at the universities in a bid to gain white collar employment at the end of it. This is meant to bring food to the tables and perhaps make some savings for future investments. In most occasions, people supplement their white collar jobs with a bit of self employment in order to make ends meet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Curriculum of the Business Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is championed by the fact that most employments do not earn employees enough cash to meet their budgets. Sometimes, employees need to secure their financial stability by starting other independent businesses apart from the employment they already have. Recent statistics indicate that self employment is probably the most common form of job creation in the United States of America (Tyler, 1949). It is important to note that this case does not only apply to the United Stat es of America but also to quite a number of nations across the globe. This is so because self employment offers an extent of convenience and satisfaction that cannot be easily achieved by other forms of employment. Additionally, people tend to have the urge to have private businesses alongside their jobs in order to increase their income. The unemployed society in a given country is also more likely to think along business lines as opposed to seeking employment elsewhere. All these play a significant role in increasing the number of private businesses (Knowles, Holton, and Swanson, 2012). The ability of a businessperson to come up with a business idea, create and manage the business may be termed as entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur may also be referred to as a businessman. One who intends to start a business must first be well acquainted with business procedures, setbacks and management policies. Even though starting a new business is usually a big risk, it pays off well if managed because the entrepreneur always has the freedom to manage his/her own business. That aside, the businessperson is able to balance his/her personal life by creating a business schedule that best suits him/her.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, private businesses always need funds for their inception. This could be quite a challenge especially for first-timers. The incorporation of risks in private businesses is also another challenge that might hinder people from starting businesses (Tyler, 1949). An entrepreneur can only maneuver his/her way through all these variables by learning how to manage a business. The curriculum created on how to manage private businesses will play an integral part in this paper. This paper is meant to give an insight on the course. The most relevant concepts of the course There are quite a number of relevant concepts in the course . They play a vital role in ensuring that an entrepreneur comes up with just the right business idea in his/her niche and evaluate whether the business is viable or not. The concepts also assist businesspeople in making relevant hypotheses concerning their businesses. These concepts include the following. Marketing segment This involves the simple details of a proposed business plan. It incorporates things like business name, slogan, targeted customers in terms of their ages, gender and sometimes financial status, ways of reaching the customers and perhaps the competitive advantage the proposed business would have over other related businesses. This is important in ensuring that a business idea is well scrutinized without leaving any loopholes (Barrow, and Brown, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Curriculum of the Business Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Feasibility study This is always done after coming up with a business plan and establishing the location of the business and perhaps its competitive advantage. This study involves presenting a few potential clients with questionnaires that focus on the viability of the business. It is meant to give feedback and sometimes recommendations from the perspective of clients. It is important in customizing the business in relation to customer specific needs and wants. Marketing plan This is intended to give a blueprint on the advertising and promotion ideas meant to market the business to its potential customers. Entrepreneurs must be aware of the available marketing strategies. They are important in getting the business idea to the clients. Some of these promotion ideas include business cards, posters, flyers, brochures, internet marketing, sales calls and mailings amongst others (Barrow, and Brown, 2012). Legal issues of the business There has to be legal obligations in any particular business. These include licenses, certi ficates for ownership and many others. In some occasions, the ownership of a business may be sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership or a non-profitable organization. All these types of businesses are accompanied by their specific legal obligations. A businessperson should, therefore, be aware of the legal requirements for his/her business. Capital This is the most fundamental concept of a business. Before someone knows how much he/she needs to start up a business, it is important to determine all the items needed to commence (Biech, 2008). It is from these that prices will come in and perhaps transportation costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The manner in which the concepts impact on me professionally These concepts have significance to me. Even though I do not have employment experience, my family business has nurtured me in the field of business and taught me the basics. I have worked in an acting capacity in the family businesses of real estate, supermarkets and gas stations. I have thus gained some considerable experience in finance and marketing. The concepts in the course have enlightened me on how to come up with the most comprehensive marketing and funding segments. They have advanced my knowledge in the key areas that need strict observation while coming up with a business idea. The marketing strategies, for instance, have expanded my scope of thinking. Initially, my perception of marketing had been limited to business cards alone. Today, however, I have known the convenience and affordability of using other marketing strategies like interment marketing and mailings. I have understood that these are the most re liable means of marketing a business. The things that have made professional impacts on me for the past three months that I have been progressing through the course Apart from knowing the basics of initiating a business and measures of ensuring that only a small percentage of risk is involved, I have also had other experiences that have made professional impacts on my business career. For instance, the course has provided comprehensive strategies on how to attract, satisfy and maintain clients. When I get back to actual work, this will form an integral part of my daily operations. I have learnt the importance of trying to encourage first time clients to revisit. In business, first-time clients are not as important as revisiting customers (Friere, 2000). This has impacted a lot on my strategy to apply all measures possible to ensure that a customer is satisfied and that he/she revisits another time. The things contained in the course that are most likely to have an impact on me as I move forward with my career Quite a number of things contained in the course will have a great impact on my career as I carry on. I have a special interest in the finance department and the things I learnt concerning finances will have a considerable impact when applied in the real life. For instance, annual and quarterly financial projections contained in the course will have quite some impact when I apply them practically. The projections in terms of sales and expenses are forecasted financial goals that are supposed to be met given the different variables put in place for this purpose. I am certain that these will assist in coming up with obtainable goals in my business. They will also provide the right channels for applying all the necessary machineries to ensure that objectives are met. The costing procedures provided in the course are bound to have an impact in my career too. They are systematic and easy to understand. Unlike the previous, complex procedures I used to apply, t hese simple formulas will most definitely ease my work especially when I get back to Saudi Arabia to manage one of our family supermarkets (Biech, 2008). The things that I would do differently from now onwards considering the fact that I know what I know from the course The very first thing that I will do differently from how I used to is the marketing strategy. I was so fond of using business cards alone. They had negligible effect as far as marketing our family businesses was concerned. However, I kept using them because I had limited or absolutely no prior knowledge on the other viable strategies for marketing a business. I am glad I now know that internet marketing, especially through the social media, is able to draw enormous traffic to a business. I will most definitely apply the use of internet marketing as well as other forms of marketing like direct calls and mailing in order to grow my business (Tyler, 1949). Conclusion In conclusion, therefore, it is imperative that most if not all of the business strategies and ideas mentioned in the course are applied in order to meet organizational goals. Just like me, other colleagues have had so much to learn concerning incepting and growing a business. We all shall apply the things learnt from the course. References Barrow, C., Barrow, P., Brown, R. (2012). The business plan workbook. London: Kogan Page. Biech, E. (Ed.), (2008). ASTD handbook for workplace learning professionals. Danvers, MA: ASTD Press. Friere, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. Knowles, M. L., Holton, E. F., Swanson, R.A. (2012). The adult learner (7th Ed.). New York: Routledge. Tyler, R. W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. This essay on The Curriculum of the Business Strategies was written and submitted by user Deon Perez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

music of the middle ages essays

music of the middle ages essays Music has been a great influence in the lives of many people for many years and is constantly changing. Music has been divided into six periods: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Twentieth Century. The Medieval period was the longest and most distant period of musical history and consists of almost a millenniums worth of music. To examine the music of this period we must first look at the influences or dominating factors of medieval life. In a political sense, as well as a spiritual sense, the Roman Catholic Church was very much the focal point of a Medieval man's life. Between the collapse of control of the Roman Empire around 500 A.D. and the Renaissance in the middle 1400s, the Church remained the most continuously powerful organization in Europe. The great gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages help demonstrate how religion had become the focus of the times. The thousands and thousands of hours of labour, the tremendous cost involved, the extraordinary and detailed craftsmanship without the use of cranes or power tools must give us an idea of the effects of religion and the power of the Church. To worship God through one's craft was the highest artistic ideal of the times. While some of the great secular classic literature of the past was well known to many, it was considered to be only a teaching tool to assist in the understanding of the Bible. Music has always been an integral part of religious celebrations throughout history, and for the Catholic Church of antiquity, it was a vital element. The music of the Catholic Church absorbed Greek, Jewish, and Syrian influences among others, through the teachings of : Pythagoras 6th 5th BCE, a Greek mathematician and a musical theorist who believed that there were perfect intervals in music and introduced the 8ve, 5th, 4th, whole tone. Pythagoras ideas gave music scientific credibility through numbers and allowed it to be introduced as on...

PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY AND EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Essay - 4

PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY AND EMPLOYEE RELATIONS - Essay Example These contracts use the laid down legislation to develop a binding agreement, which guides the employer and employee in their final period of interaction (Pozgar, 2012). This essay looks at the issues that employers and managers should consider when drafting settlement agreements with their employees in the context of a health organization. The agreement must consider the reasons behind the termination of employees. Different reasons will affect the nature of the contract that the employer enters with the terminated employee. For example, employees who are terminated due to breach of contract cannot enter into the same contract with those who are terminated due to other factors beyond their control. Furthermore, the decision of termination is a responsibility of a qualified manager who understands the risks associated with the termination (Pozgar, 2012). Compensation is one of the issues that the termination agreement should consider. The employer must consider paying the employee an amount of money that will compensate him or her for the termination. This especially happens when the reasons for the termination are not due to the inconsistencies and the incapability of the employee. If the reasons for termination are market driven, then the employer must consider the fate of the employee who has nothing to do with the turn of events, which is called the unemployment compensation (Hospital Employees’ Union, 2013) Insurance policies and taxation are other issues that the agreement should consider. Most of the workers in the health sector are insured against risks in the workplace and other risks in their lives. Therefore, the contract must consider the nature of the policies that employees had before their termination. The consideration should be as to whether the employee will continue enjoying protection or the contract will be cancelled. The settlement agreement

Opera in the U.S. by American composers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Opera in the U.S. by American composers - Essay Example Opera in the U.S. by American composers Answering the question that many people have not been able to answer since the 1960’s, Opera in the United States of America supports performance and creation of new works by American composers especially those from the northern side. OPERA America’s online education core, which is the learning centre, features information, which not only focuses on frequent operas but also houses an inventory that has proven to grow of composers from north America as well as their operas for use by opera lovers, artists and administrators. Therefore, Opera finds synopses, biographies of librettists and composers, historical essays and other research as well as other multimedia excerpts. Jazz composers for example, which happens to be the genre subject in this paper, started way back in the 1960’s and up to date the composers still rely on Opera for research work. In the Opera, there is the voice workshop and the composers’ series, w hich is a competitive biannual fellowship, offered to composers especially those of jazz and composer/librettist teams (Gilbert& Chase, 26). The notion behind fallacies as outlined by major philosophers asserts that in order to be a rational thinkers and composers, then one should avoid the illogicality in fallacies and carry out an examination to gauge one’s level of thinking. While composing, development for Rational Persons involves Viewing Development in Stages; the composer tries to explain the basic concepts that would help in becoming a rational jazz composer. Librettists like mark Campbell places in the mind of the audience stages of evaluation through which one can become a more rational thinker. While at Opera and in stage one, composers assert that it is of primary importance to accept that since humans are always working towards being more rational thinkers, we should accept that shortcoming characteristic of humans and work towards better realization of relevant thinking. The second stage helps composers realize that unless they accept to being irrelevant thinkers, only then can they proceed to being rational thinkers. Stage 3 asserts that composers first question the belief of their reasoning before actually bringing it out to other people. When a composer gets to this stage, then he or she can be referred to as ‘beginning thinkers’. In the fourth stage, a composer is able to have a clearly defined outline of his or her thinking formula. One is able to have an organized line of thought even in arguments. According to Opera, There are 4 different kinds of fallacies. I. Non sequitur is the form of thinking where the composition may be right or wrong, but the premise from which the conclusion is born does not have clear outlay. II. Faulty analogy asserts some level of irrelevance during composition. For instance, if B has content, same as V and V has same composition as Q; simply assuming that therefore B and Q have same properti es without founded conclusive finding is irrelevant and illogical. III. Hasty generalization: in this form of fallacy, a composer simply draws conclusion based only insufficient evidence. If in a list of 12 people, 10 have passed in an exam, simply assuming that the remaining two also have passed in an exam holds no ground for a sufficient conclusion. IV. Equivocation simply implies the

Product and Service Marketing Analysis Essay Example for Free

Product and Service Marketing Analysis Essay Product and service marketing are highly related. Take the success of a company like Apple, for example. The technology giant operates nearly 400 retail stores, employs more than 42,000 people and hosts more than a million visitors each day. In 2012, Apple’s retail operations generated nearly $19 billion. Furthermore, it’s estimated that Apple’s Fifth Avenue store generates more than $35,000 per square foot, making it the highest grossing retailer in New York – ever. Those statistics reinforce the company’s product and service strategies of those of a highly successful company. Apple continues to hold a number one spot on a list of the world’s most admirable companies. However, the success of Apple hasn’t always been so great. It wasn’t until the company combined good products with good services, that profits increased exponentially. Slide 12-12: Service Differentiation Apple actually had a point in business in which it struggled. That was in the 1990s when the company was selling products through larger retailers such as CompUSA and Sears. It was then, that Apple computers were shoved to the side, out of the main view of customers, as just another computer brand available on store shelves. Apple employees didn’t pay enough attention to the installation of the product in the big box stores in which it was being sold, so there wasn’t a true selling point for buyers. Also, the product delivery took a major hit. In fact, the brand became so weakened when retailers did not market the products properly, that the inventory wasn’t fully stocked. While Apple products plummeted in sales, the Gateway company was offering direct sales to consumers in its own stores, and Apple had to reinvent its business model, and quickly learn how to operate in a different manner. Less than two years after Apple launched its retail stores, Gateway shut down all of its shops and laid off 2,500 workers. Only three years later, CompUSA closed its chain of 23-year-old stores as well. Apple went against much of the advice it had received, and clearly the company was doing something right. Apple created retail stores that offer more than just a product. The stores offer a shopping experience that consumers often give raving reviews on. That includes ordering ease, smooth delivery, clear installation, the right customer training and consulting, and simplified maintenance and repair. Slide 12-11: Product Differentiation Apple Stores are now the highest performing stores in retail history. This isn’t due to just good in-store and online service. The products typically set the bar among all other technology products offered in the industry. Many Apple products come with customizable features based on a customers wants and needs. That includes hard drive and disk space, all the way down to the detail of an optional custom engraving on a product. In addition to the features, Apple products are known to hold superior performance quality. Sure, the products aren’t cheap, but typically when a customer buys an Apple product, they know that product will pay for itself over time. Slide 13-5: Categories of Service Mix When you’re dealing with a product that Apple designs and sells, it’s typically a highly technological device. That tangible good brings on accompanying services. The more advanced the product, the greater the need for those high-quality supporting services. When a customer goes into an Apple store looking for a new computer or an iPad, there’s a chance they don’t know how to maximize its use to its full capability. Apple found a way to assist costumers, so they can learn about the devices they’re purchasing for free. Employees at each Apple retail shop hold free workshops for consumers to teach the basics. In addition to workshops, customers can sign up for one-on-one training sessions to dig even deeper into their product’s capabilities. Slide 13-6: Service Distinctions These services offered by Apple require the client’s presence; therefore employees need to be considerate of the consumer’s needs. That is why Apple is known for hiring â€Å"customer-obsessed, empathetic employees.† Apple cofounder Steve Jobs offered a unique insight about how consumers interact with technology. Jobs said often the problem was that consumers are limited to thinking in terms of only what they know, instead of what is possible. Jobs once said that one of the keys to Apple is that the company builds products that turn the employees on. That is certainly to the benefit of the customers, that it â€Å"often means products are exactly what they want because Apple employees are so deeply entrenched in and committed to the customer’s experience.† Slide 13-8: Distinctive Characteristics of Service While many consumers know the physical products Apple offers are those of high quality, the company has made it a point to â€Å"manage the evidence,† and â€Å"tangibilize the intangible.† In doing so, Apple had to create stores that have a clean layout, in which traffic flows steadily, have employees that are busy, but they can still manage the workload, have equipment that is state of the art, have a symbol that suggests quality in both product and service, and finally, has a reasonable price for service. We already know that Apple services are offered for free, the company’s logo is iconic, and that the equipment is top notch. So, Apple’s stores had the main focus of a clean layout and employees readily available, yet still busy. When a customer walks into an Apple store, the aesthetics are clean and well thought out. Each product is on display for testing use, and the floors, walls, and counter spaces are clean and tidy. In addition to that, carefully recruited and trained sales associates are encouraged to take customers on a â€Å"ride.† They give each willing customer a short, informative tour of the space to be able to have a conversation and connect with each and every visitor. Then, of course, there’s the offering of support for each customer, which is just another delight to those who shop at Apple. The end result of Apple’s mix of product and service marketing combined is certainly one of success. Apple has the highest retail sales per square foot than any other U.S. retailer. The stores average more than $6,000 per square foot, which is more than twice the former gold standard Tiffany Company. That success did not come with quality products alone, but quality product marketing coupled with quality service marketing. The company’s marketing strategy is unique, but the company figured out how to attract and retain customers, generate an extremely large amount of word-of-mouth and brand appeal to give it a huge competitive advantage. Works Cited Chazin, S. (2013). The Retail Secrets of Apple. Retrieved from http://www.marketingapple.com/marketing_apple/2013/01/the-retail-secrets-of- apple.html on 07/23/2013. DuBois, S. (2011). World’s Most Admired Companies. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2011/snapshots/670.html on 07/23/2013. Kotler, P; Keller, L (2011). Marketing Management (14th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Moorman, C. (2012). Why Apple is a Great Marketer. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2012/07/10/why-apple-is-a-great-marketer/ on 07/23/2013.

Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong Kingstons Autobiography, The Woman W

Quest for Identity in Maxine Hong Kingston's Autobiography, The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingston's autobiography, The Woman Warrior, features a young Chinese-American constantly searching for "an unusual bird" that would serve as her impeccable guide on her quest for individuality (49). Instead of the flawless guide she seeks, Kingston develops under the influence of other teachers who either seem more fallible or less realistic. Dependent upon their guidance, she grows under the influence of American and Chinese schools and the role models of Brave Orchid, Fa Mu Lan, and Moon Orchid. Her education by these counselors consequently causes her to abandon her search for an escort, the bird to be found somewhere in the measureless sky, and she begins to look inside herself for "the ideograph 'to fly'" (Kingston 35). The new song Kingston finally creates with her "talk story" of Ts'ai Yen, verifies her optimistic distinction from her educators, cultural norms, which have indoctrinated and restricted her childhood. During much of her childhood, Kingston goes to the "American School" during the day and the "Chinese School" in the evening as she filters the conflicting material given in each of these environments to determine what works in her Chinese-American life. In attending the American school, Kingston discovers American ideologies of loquaciousness and arrogance. From the influence of their American schoolmates Kingston and her siblings "never said, 'Oh, no, you're too kind. . . . I'm stupid. I'm ugly.' They were capable children. . . . But they were not modest" (Kingston 134). The children expected their Chinese parents to join in their arrogance, and Kingston proudly tells her mother, "I got straight A's, Mama" (45). H... ...d not the measureless sky, her voice begins to sing a distinctly Chinese-American song. Kingston sings just as Ts'ai Yen "sang about China and her family . . . [from] savage lands," and speaking of her newly found identity, established in America but conceived in China, Kingston decides, "It translated well" (Kingston 209). Works Cited Hunt, Linda. "'I Could Not Figure Out What Was My Village': Gender Vs. Ethnicity in Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior." Melus 12.3 (1985): 5-12. Kingston, Maxine. The Woman Warrior. New York: Vintage Books,1989. Ling, Amy. "Maxine Hong Kingston and the Dialogic Dilemma of Asian American Writers." Ideas of Home: Literature of Asian Migration. Ed. Geoffrey Kain. East Lansing: Michigan SUP, 1997. 141-56. Wang, Veronica. "Reality and Fantasy: The Chinese-American Woman's Quest for Identity." Melus 12.3 (1985): 23-31.

Family Issues

International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 52 (2010)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Does Education Alleviate Poverty? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Imran Sharif Chaudhry Associate Professor of Economics. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] edu. pk Shahnawaz Malik Professor of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] edu. pk Abo ul Hassan Ph.D Research Fellow, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] com Muhammad Zahir Faridi Lecturer, Department of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan E-mail: [email  protected] com Abstract Poverty has become a sensitive and ever remained issue almost in all developing countries of the world. Education plays a vital role in poverty alleviation. Therefore, it is important to investigate that whethe r different levels of education or literacy cause to alleviate poverty.The major objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of different levels of education and literacy on the incidence of poverty in Pakistan. Our results suggest that poverty alleviation process would be accelerated if resources are targeted at education sector especially in higher education. Pakistan presents a paradoxical situation. Until the late 1980s Pakistan had achieved a spectacular record of economic growth and reduced incidence of poverty remarkably, but the country had horrible social indicators.However when social indicators began to improve in the 1990s for a variety of reasons, both internally and externally driven, the average rate of economic growth declined. Contrary to the said situation, the general perception about Education is that the role of education in poverty alleviation, in close co-operation with other social sectors, is crucial. This paper is mainly intended to explore the reali ty that to what extent education is affective in poverty alleviation in Pakistan. In addition, some important macroeconomic variables have also been taken understudy to find out the reality of the problem.Keywords: Education; Poverty; Inflation; Economic Growth; Openness; Pakistan International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 135 I. Introduction Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing inability to satisfy basic needs, lack of control over resources, lack of education and skills, poor health, malnutrition, lack of shelter, poor access to clean water and sanitation, vulnerability to shocks, violence and crime, lack of political freedom and voices. The poor are the true poverty experts.They assert on material well being, physical well being, social well being, security of food, security of law and order, public safety, safety from violence and civil conflicts, freedom of choice and action, being a part of the decision making body rather to be a victim of decision making body and the security of jobs. Poverty can be looked at from different angles and depending upon the perspective one adopts definitions of poverty may vary. It differs from country to country and from context to context. Poverty may be absolute or relative.Absolute poverty can be eradicated but relative poverty cannot. Relative poverty is a dynamic concept because it involves comparison between groups. It exists in all parts of the world, either in packets or on a much larger scale. In Pakistan both absolute and relative poverty exists normally, poverty is measured in monetary terms. The causes of poverty are also multidimensional. 1 There is no single cause that can explain it fully. Poverty is often related to a number of factors: physical, psychological, economic and sociocultural.Among the physical factors accounting for poverty are an unfavorable natural environment and lack of basic physical and economic infrastructure. These may also relate to poor health and malnutrition. Psychological factors refer to feel of hopelessness, helplessness, lack of confidence in one’s self and poor self-image resulting from inappropriate value system, cultural deprivation and undeveloped potential. These factors may also be related to an inability to participate in democratic processes and behavioral inadequacies aggravated by low levels of literacy and education.Education is the most important factor that distinguishes the poor from the non-poor; according to Pakistan’s Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2001, the percentage of literate of households heads is 27 in poor households while for non-poor households it is 52. Though the origins of human capital theory can be traced to the earlier economists – from Adam Smith (1776) to Alfred Marshall (1920) – it is Theodore Schultz (1961) who created a ‘human investment revolution in economic thought’ by emphasizing the role of human capital in e conomic growth.Schultz (1961), Gary Becker (1964), Jacob Mincer (1972) and many others with their voluminous pioneering contributions placed education at a high pedestal in the theories of economic growth. Amartya Sen (1999) rightly argues that education constitutes a part of human freedom and human capability. . Over the period under study many important factors like unemployment, current account deficit and services growth rate have been contributed to why poverty is increasing even though education has increased consistently.We have tried to give a brief description of the debate of researchers that if increased education has significant impact on income and thus poverty or not or whether there are other factors mitigating or attenuating the impact of education on poverty. However in our analysis, the central focus has been on the role of education in poverty alleviation. Education has important implications for the analysis of changes in a poverty profile in a country. Keeping i n view the issues high lighted above, this paper tries to answer following related questions.Does education play its role to alleviate poverty? What is the role of other key macroeconomic variables in poverty alleviation? What can be generalized about the impact of education on poverty? What are the important policy implications? These questions keep their extreme importance as answering the said questions will bring a solution to the hitherto puzzle that’s why Pakistan is lagging behind on the development path as compared to some developed countries who got independence later than us. 1 Technical consultation on literacy as a tool for the empowerment of the poor, Lampang, Thailand, 1997. 36 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) To pursue the problem understudy, this paper is technically divided into several parts. Firstly we have attempted to explain the conceptual and theoretical framework of education and poverty alleviation. So f ar as the empirical analysis is concerned, we have divided it into two portions. The first portion presents the descriptive analyses and the second portion presents the econometric analysis which has been undertaken by considering autoregressive regression equations. II.Education and Poverty: A Theoretical Framework The economists often define education as having ‘direct effects’ and ‘indirect effects’. The direct effects of education are the imparting of knowledge and skills that are associated with higher wages. The indirect effects, also often referred to as external benefits, include fulfillment of basic needs, higher levels of democratic participation, better utilization of health facilities, shelter, water and sanitation and the additional effects which occur in woman’s behavior in decisions relating to fertility, family welfare and health.The relationship between education and poverty can also be examined by rate of return analysis, and produc tion function analysis – at individual as well as social/national levels. Rates of return are estimated using either Mincerian earnings function (Mincer, 1972), or using the concept of marginal efficiency of capital that relates costs of education to the lifetime benefits, essentially earnings associated with education. III. Data and Methodological Issues In order to study the impact of education on poverty, the study chooses time series data, for thirty five years (1972-2007) for Pakistan.The poverty data sets are collected mainly from Malik (1988), Amjad and Kemal (1997), Jamal (2003) and various issues of Pakistan Economic Survey since 2005, while the data on other variables is collected from World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI), April 2008, ESDS International, (Mimas), University of Manchester. To make time series data on poverty incidence, a linear interpolation technique is employed. The selected time period presents the paradoxical situation of Pakistan as bo th growth and social indicators move in opposite directions.That is why it is selected to understand this paradoxical situation. Thirty five years time period is long enough to capture long run effect of most of the variable constructed in this study. We have tried to keep in view the problem of endogeniety while selecting the explanatory variables for our analysis. The study chooses the absolute poverty (poverty headcount index), education literacy rate, primary school level enrollment rate, middle school level and the university level enrollment widely used proxies for education) as the key variables.In addition, some useful variables (Growth rate, inflation rate, and Trade openness) have also been included in our model. In this study, autoregressive models are employed for econometric empirical investigation. In our first poverty autoregressive regression model, growth, literacy rate, CPI, and hcr(-1) are used to analyze while in the second model, some enrollment rates at various levels are considered. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, trade openness is also considered to check the robustness of globalization. Log values of the variables are used in the analysis.We postulate that the incidence of poverty prevailing in the economy is significantly dependent on higher education level. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 137 IV. Results and Discussions a) Descriptive Analysis Our complete data set consist of 35 years of annual observations from 1973-2007 on the selected variables. The descriptive statistic is reported in table 1 which states that the average of head count ratio (HCR) for our study period is 27. 63% with a standard deviation (SD) of 6. 74. The average of primary school enrollment rate is 11316. 8 with 6204. 18, the value of its standard deviation (SD). Middle school enrollment is 2667. 611 on an average and with standard deviation (SD) 1326. 06. The average values for university enroll ment rate, real gross domestic product (RGDP) and openness are 83045. 19, 22879. 24, 33. 81 with the value of standard deviations 65444. 71, 5756. 76, 3. 18 are given accordingly. As far as skewness of variables is concerned head count ratio (HCR), primary school enrollment rate, middle school enrollment rate and university enrollment rate are skewed on the rightward whereas openness is skewed leftward.All the variables are skewed a little. Table 1: Descriptive Statistics HCR 27. 63 25. 20 45. 75 20. 71 6. 74 1. 04 3. 26 6. 64 0. 04 LITR 36. 93 34. 35 55. 00 22. 10 10. 92 0. 24 1. 56 3. 47 0. 18 MIDDLE 2667. 61 2350. 00 5368. 00 963. 00 1326. 06 0. 36 1. 83 2. 84 0. 24 PRIMARY 11316. 78 9827. 00 24465. 00 4210. 00 6204. 18 0. 57 2. 02 3. 36 0. 19 UNIV 83045. 19 65642. 00 296812. 00 17507. 00 65444. 71 1. 76 5. 59 28. 74 0. 00 OPEN 33. 81 34. 35 38. 91 27. 72 3. 18 -0. 30 2. 19 1. 53 0. 47 RGDP 22879. 24 23859. 71 33820. 04 14033. 11 5756. 76 -0. 06 1. 86 1. 97 0. 37 CPI 56. 51 39. 7 3 149. 0 7. 40 41. 73 0. 67 2. 16 3. 77 0. 15 Mean Median Maximum Minimum Std. Dev. Skewness Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Probability Kurtosis is a measure whether the data set is peaked or flat relative to a normal distribution. Kurtosis statistic of the variables shows that only HCR and university enrollment is Leptokurtic (long tailed or high peakedness) and all other variables are Platykurtic (relatively narrower tailed then the normal curve. However the value of HCR is though high compared to the value of Meso-kurtic curve but it is not too high from the value desired for a normal distribution.The Jerque-Bera (JB) test of normality gives joint hypothesis of skewness and kurtosis. Jerque-Bera test of normality suggest that if the computed P-value of JB-statistic of university enrollment rate is sufficiently low as the value of the statistic is very different from zero, we state that the residuals for university enrollment rate is not normally distributed. For all other variables include d in the present study, it is concluded that residuals for these variables are normally distributed. Table 2: Correlation Matrix HCR 1. 00 -0. 35 -0. 37 -0. 28 -0. 30 -0. 9 -0. 53 -0. 27 LITR 1. 00 0. 99 0. 98 0. 84 0. 25 0. 97 0. 98 MIDDLE 1. 00 0. 99 0. 86 0. 28 0. 97 0. 98 PRIMARY UNIV OPEN RGDP CPI HCR LITR MIDDLE PRIMARY UNIV OPEN RGDP CPI 1. 00 0. 89 0. 20 0. 95 0. 99 1. 00 0. 18 0. 84 0. 91 1. 00 0. 39 0. 17 1. 00 0. 94 1. 00 The degree of the relationship of the variables is also estimated and reported in table 2. All the variables are negatively correlated with each other. The results state that openness is highly correlated and primary, middle, university enrollment rates and RGDP are moderately correlated with HCR. 138International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) b) Autoregressive Regression Analysis In our analysis, we have used a data set using time series ranging from 1973-2007. To investigate the significance of education (literacy) on the incidence of absolute Poverty, we have following autoregressive regression models. The robustness of the models is examined by including and excluding some important macroeconomic variables in our analysis. The model is given as below: The Poverty Autoregressive Regression Model- 1 LHCR = ? 0 + ? 1 LRGDP + ? LLITR + ? 3 LCPI + ? 4 LOPEN + ? 5 LHCR (? 1) + ? i Table 3 presents the estimation results in which head count index (HCI) is the dependent variable and the variables such as growth rate, literacy rate, consumer price index (CPI) and head count index (HCI) for the previous year are all explanatory variables in the present analysis. The value of adjusted Rsquared is 94. 5%, implying that 94. 6% of the variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable. The value of R-squared clearly shows robustness of our results. The value of hstatistic is 1. 8, the results indicates that there is no significant autocorrelation problem in the error. The coeffic ient for growth verifies our theoretical expectations, implying an inverse relationship between poverty and growth. The coefficient for growth is highly significant putting an immense effect on poverty. The results verify the findings of Sarris who could find that overall economic growth reduces overall poverty. The coefficient for literacy is significant in the poverty regression analysis. However the variable is inversely related with the dependent variable which verifies the theoretical relationship of the two variables.The above results follow the findings of Dollar and Kraay (2002) who have concluded that growth is a prominent factor in eliminating poverty and that the impact of low level of educational attainment is not so much important. The coefficient of the consumer price index (CPI) having an expected theoretical sign, implies a positive relationship with poverty. However coefficient is not statistically highly significant. Our results also second the findings of Romer an d Romer who believed that an increase in inflation will be associated with a decline in the unemployment in the short run that may well relatively benefit the poor.The findings of Agenor (1998) also strengthen our faith on the outcome of our analysis implying the fact about the poverty rates to be positively related with inflation. The previous year’s poverty is highly significant with the incidence of poverty. The coefficient of the variable is keeping a postulated positive sign. The best justification of the result is given by the Ragner Nurkse who could observe that a â€Å"country is poor because it’s poor. † Although the theoretical expectations of our present study are fulfilled yet we have included some more important variables pertaining to the human capital.We have included primary, middle and university enrollment rates instead of the literacy rate in our model. In order to check the impact of globalization on the incidence of poverty, we have included the trade openness in our analysis. The coefficient of openness is negative and insignificant. Table 3: Estimates of the Model-I Coefficient 5. 77051 -0. 62553 0. 512801 0. 004567 -0. 123046 0. 713883 0. 94 0. 93 1. 58 Std. Error 2. 62493 0. 300753 0. 263391 0. 085448 0. 137595 0. 094954 t-Statistic 2. 198348 -2. 079882 1. 946923 0. 053446 -0. 89426 7. 518185 F-Stat Prob Prob. 0. 0361 0. 0465 0. 0613 0. 9577 0. 3785 0. 0 99. 93 0. 00 Variable C LLGDP LLITR LCPI LOPEN LHCR(-1) R Squared Adj R Squared h-Statistic International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 139 The Poverty Autoregressive Regression Model-2 It is a vivid fact that a problem like poverty cannot be eradicated at all. Owing to the said fact study is intended to explore the answer of the question â€Å"Does education alleviate poverty? † To investigate the query, we have followed the regression model. We have developed the poverty regression model. Primary, middle and university enrollment rates as a proxy for education are used in our model.The model is given below: ? ? 0 + ? 1 LRGDP + ? 2 LPRIMARY + ? 3 LMIDDLE + ? 4 LUNIV + ? Poverty = ? ? ? ? 5 LCPI + ? 6 LOPEN + ? 7 LHCR(? 1) +  µ i ? Table 4 presents the estimation results for the poverty regression analysis where the dependent variable is the poverty had count index (HCI) and remaining seven variables namely log of real gross domestic product, log of primary school enrollment, log of middle school enrollment, log of university enrollment, log of consumer price index, log of openness and the log of head count ratio of the previous year are all independent variables.Note that the adjusted R-squared is 95. 9% implying that the approximately 95. 9% variation in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. The coefficient for LRGDP is keeping a negative sign implying the inverse relationship of LRGDP with the incidence of poverty. The theoretical relationship of LRGDP and LHCR also supports the negative relationship of these two variables. But the coefficient for LRGDP is statistically insignificant pervading a little effect on the incidence of poverty.The coefficient for log of primary enrollment rate and log of middle enrollment rate both keep a positive relationship with the incidence of poverty implying that both the standards minutely aggravate the incidence of poverty. The coefficients for both the levels are statistically insignificant which shows lesser nuisance value of primary and middle standards of education. The results also match with the findings of Rodriguez K Smith (1994) and Coulombe and Mckay (1996) who believe that the likelihood of being poor is higher for the lower levels of education.The coefficient for the log of university enrollment rate is statistically highly significant in the poverty regression analysis as shown in the table 3. The variable is inversely related with the dependent variable which verifies the theoretical relationshi p of the two variables. The estimation results verify the findings of all those who believe in an effective role of human development of poverty alleviation. The estimation results stay in line with the findings of Tilak (1994) which emphasize on the role of education.The results also explain that higher education is one of the most powerful means to reduce poverty. Our results also match with the findings of King (2005) who has argued that the agenda of the millennium development goals for education cannot be achieved without giving right consideration to higher education. All the prominent approaches of development like the human capital approach, the basic need approach, the human development approach and the capability approach which recognize the inverse relation of education and human poverty stay in line with our results.The coefficient for inflation rate in the poverty regression analysis for log values has become significant statistically and it is positively related with t he poverty head count index. The postulated positive sign of inflation portrays the fact that inflation is regarded as more of a problem by the poor. The fact was also found by William Easterly and Stanlay Fischer (2001). According to them the rich are better able to protect themselves against, or benefit from; the effects of inflation then are the poor.The coefficient of openness is keeping a postulated negative sign, implying an inverse relationship between the incidence of poverty and openness. The estimation result shows that openness is powerfully influencing the poverty head count index as the coefficient of openness is found highly statistically significant. The results match with the findings of Derek H. C. Chen, Thilak Ranawera and Andriy Storozhuk who argue that high level of globalization, globalization would tend to increase poverty. The coefficient for the poverty of previous year is statistically highly significant, keeping a positive relationship with poverty. 40 Tabl e 4: International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) Estimates of the Model-2 Coefficient 3. 707976 -0. 205005 0. 060653 0. 042189 -0. 154165 0. 127132 -0. 186327 0. 796384 0. 96 0. 95 -1. 68 Std. Error 1. 937434 0. 246698 0. 1637 0. 190211 0. 04069 0. 0777 0. 110726 0. 081578 t-Statistic 1. 913859 -0. 830995 0. 370514 0. 221801 -3. 788787 1. 63619 -1. 682781 9. 762301 F-Sat Prob Prob. 0. 0663 0. 4133 0. 7139 0. 8261 0. 0008 0. 1134 0. 1039 0. 00 114. 37 0. 00 Variable C LLGDP LPRIMAR LMIDDLE LUNI LCPI LOPEN LHCR(-1) R Squared Adj R Squared h StatisticV. Conclusion and Some Policy Recommendations In this paper, we addressed a key issue in the current debate on economic development: the role of education in poverty alleviation. We have reviewed the empirical evidence on the relationship between education and poverty. The link of education to poverty is one of the most important dimensions of policies towards poverty. Education may affect poverty in ma ny ways. It may raise the incomes of those with education. It may in addition, by promoting growth in the economy raise the incomes of those with given levels of education.To measure education we used, among others, the literacy rate, primary education level, middle education level and university education level as proxies for education. To measure poverty, we emphasized on the concept of absolute poverty, using the poverty headcount index and as a proxy for relative poverty. We have used the econometric techniques to sketch a few stylized facts in a very complex framework of relationship. The present study incorporates macroeconomic, structural and policy variables to poverty headcount index and education.More specifically, the poverty equation links the incidence of poverty to CPI, growth, literacy rate, primary school education, middle school education and university education level and openness. The said relationship thus enables the changes in poverty due to the changes in macr oeconomic or policy variables to be projected. The relationship is empirically estimated using time series regressions, based on thirty five years data of Pakistan from 1973 to 2007, which determined the magnitudes of the effects of the above mentioned macroeconomic, structural and policy variables on poverty.The results from the empirical analysis indicate that the university education significantly alleviates the incidence of absolute poverty. It is concluded that university education comes up with a powerful tool for poverty alleviation, keeping an inverse relationship with the dependent variable. As the higher education increases, the level of poverty decreases in the country. This result confirms the expectations that poverty is highly influenced by education. Local universities help developing countries in improving the skills of human capital which ultimately become helpful in poverty alleviating.University graduates have the specialized skills to earn a living and infuse the ir sector of employment- whether in the private industry, the public sector or civil society-with the enterprise that underpins success. Getting universal primary education, one of the millennium development goals, without the higher education would simply mean increasing the burden of unskilled population on the economy. Some people consider university education a luxury for developing countries. It is not a luxury, it is essential.Our estimation results confirm the best known approaches like the human capital approach, the basic needs approach, the human development approach and the Sen’s capabilities approach as all four approaches mainly emphasize on the attainment of education for economic development. Our estimation results carry an important policy implication-namely that the spread or the distribution of higher education among the population can have a powerful impact on their welfare. A household with no education among any of its members may benefit from even one me mber gaining access toInternational Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 52 (2010) 141 education, beyond the immediate gains to that particular individual. And this is not only the case when an improvement in the education of the family’s children, but also it becomes the better and immediate source of earning opportunities for other members. Our empirical results confirm that education plays an effective role in poverty alleviation. Accordingly, a focus of economic policies on education in order to reduce poverty and to speed up development appears to be justified.Inflation also becomes the cause of poverty while trade openness reduces poverty significantly. Nevertheless, it is recommended that inflation controlled and trade opened policies will definitely and significantly address this issue of poverty alleviation in Pakistan. References [1] [2] [3] [4] Agenor, Pierre-Richard (1998). Stabilization policies, poverty and the Labour Market, Mimeo, IMF and W orld Bank. Amjad, Rashid, and Kemal, A. R. (1997). Macroeconomic policies and their impact on poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 36(1), 39-68. Becker, Gary S. (1964).Human Capital. New York Colombia University Press for NBER Chen, Derek H. C. , Ranaweera, Thilak and Storozhuk, Andriy, (2004). The RMSM-X+P: A Minimal Poverty Module for the RMSM-X (May 11, 2004). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3304. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=610349 Dollar D, Kraay A (2002). Growth is good for the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 7,195-225. Irfan, Muhammad (2001). Global Trends on Education. The Oxfam Education Report (2001), Chapter 2. Jamal, H. (2003). Poverty and inequality during the adjustment decade: Empirical findings from household surveys.The Pakistan Development Review, 42(2), 125-136. Khan, Mosin (1990). Macroeconomic Policies and the Balance of Payments in Pakistan. 197286, IMF Working Paper /90 /78, Washington D. C. Malik, Mu hammad Hussain (1988). Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 27(4), 509-516. Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan 1890 (1st edition); (1920) (8th edition). Book VI, Ch. IV, 2, 3 and 4 (pp. 560—566); Chapter XI, 1 (pp. 660—661) and Chapter XII,  § 9 (pp. 681—684). Mincer, Jacob (1972). Schooling, Experience and Earnings.New York: NBER. Mincer, Jacob (1958). Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66. Ministry of Finance Pakistan (2001). Combating Poverty in Pakistan, www. finance. gov. pk Pakistan Economic Survey (various Issues), Ministry of finance, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. Romer, Christina and David Romer (1998). Monetary Policy and the Well-Being of the Poor. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6793, November Sarris, Alexender H. (2001). The Role of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction: An Empirical and Conceptual Foundation.University of Athens, Athens. Schultz, Theodore W. (1961). Education and Economic Growth. In N. B. Henry (Ed), social factor influencing education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London. (First edition). London: George Rutledge & Sons. 1903. pp. 78-79. World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI). (April 2008). ESDS International, (Mimas): University of Manchester. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Roanoke College GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores