A Comparison of the Villains of A Dolls House and Madame Bovary :: comparison compare contrast essays

Similarities in the Villains of A Dolls House and Madame Bovary   Bibliography w/2 sources Krogstad and Lheureux are two literary villains created by Henrik Ibsen and Gustave Flaubert respectively. Between them, they share many similarities. They both are exploiting the main character of the novels they are in. They both want something, which was at least at 1 maneuver money. They both seem cold and heartless, remorseless, though nice at one point in time. When are also alike in that when they want something, they bequeath resort to vicious means of acquiring it. They know the secrets in which both novels plots are based. The list of similarities is significant as any one can see, tho can they really be named "similar"? Perhaps they have some in common, but are the characters truly alike? It would seem to me that they are in truth very different. It can be argues either way, but the correct answer to this question can only come though examination. Weighing bot h the likenesses and similarities allow rule out either extreme in likeness, but perhaps they fall into a category close to one side. In this essay I int set aside to cut through the protective fibers set by Flaubert and Ibsen, and to examine the contents of two important characters, to compare them, and to contrast. Both Lheureux and Krogstad want something. At premier they both want money, which is a large similarity. Soon Krogstad changes his demand to keeping his job, and Lheureux just lets the debts owed to him by Emma Bovary build up. They both seem nice at one point in each work. Lheureux begins on a good note, being very kind to Emma and her husband. He extends a lot of credit to Emma, which she abuses, and unwittingly plans her birth demise. Krogstad on the other hand begins with a money grubbing attitude, though not quite as ruthless as that of Lheureux. Krogstads ultimately progresses through the play, when at the end he is actually a decent individual. It would seem t hat as far as character progression goes, the two are inverse of each other. They both use threats to gain what they want. In Lheureuxs case, he threatens to tell her husband, and later foreclosure if she doesnt pay. She managed to put Lheureux off for a while. Finally he lost patience...Hed be forced to hook on back the things he had brought her.

The Lost World: Summary :: essays research papers

The Lost World Summary     The Lost World by Michael Crichton is a great science fiction novelabout a group of scientists of different fields that go on an expedition to anisland to bring back a rich and stubborn scientist from a test expedition thathe cared about more than his life.     The " mazed world" is an island off the coast of Costa Rica called IslaSorna on which a company named InGen (Short for International Genetics Corps.),genetically engineered and contrived dinosaurs which were dead since 65million years. This island was used as an incubator for the dinosaurs beforethey were shipped to another(prenominal) island close by called Isla Nublar. Isla Nublarwas leased by InGen for a biological preserve for tourists to find oneself the dinosaursat a certain cost. After a tremendous tragedy at Isla Nublar, the company wentbankrupt and destroyed Isla Nublar. They did not bother to mess with Isla Sornabecause of promotion reason s. For six years no one knew about this lost world.Many times there were cases of large unknown animals at Costa Rica, but no onefound out what they actually were or where they had come from. A rich scientistnamed Dr. Richard Levine performed research on some of these animals and foundsome clues which led him to the lost island. He set out on a test expeditionwith his colleague to find out exactly if he was on the right island. He missedhis boat back home to the states. So, he called his friend, Dr. Thorne with hissatellite phone and left a message asking him to come down to the island and unsexon with the expedition. Dr. Thorne, Ian Malcolm, Dr. Sarah Harding , and twokids that sneaked in with them, went to the island to rescue Dr. Levine andexplore the behaviors of the dinosaurs on the island. When they get to theisland, they find out that they arent the only ones that were looking fordinosaurs. Three men led by Dodgson from another genetics company called Biosyn,were also there, looking for dinosaurs to open up their own theme park.     Many things go wrong on the island. Some of the people get too close tothe dinosaurs and they get into trouble, Sarah Harding takes a baby from theTyrannasauruss nest because it looked sick and the mother comes looking for herbaby.     This island was lost by InGen for six years, and it was the only placein the world that time had passed by. Since 65 million years, the dinosaurs

King Lear :: essays papers

King LearIn William Shakespeares classic play, King Lear, the title character gives a memorable speech that brings to light the effect of wealth on the way people perceive mistakes. When you were a kid and you did something wrong your mother or your father credibly told you, well everyone makes mistakes. Lear adds another dimension to this concept. In more modern terms, his speech basically says that its much easier to detect sin and wrong in a man who bumbles around in filth with a shopping cart full of God-knows-what, all wrapped up in garbage bags, than it is in a man who pulls up in a Jaguar and is wealthy enough to hire people to floss his teeth. However, when King Lear actually delivered the speech, in that location were no Jaguars, and in that location was no dental floss. There probably werent even shopping carts or garbage bags. In fact, Im quite sure there werent, so King Lears speech world power not be quite as accurate now as it was in his time. It was a vari ant society, a different world. In fact a particular situation of very recent time comes to mind, which shows just how outdated Lears speech major power be, since there was of course no crack cocaine back then. Most people who pay attention to current events will know where Im going with this. Last week I was flipping through the newspaper (keep that in mind) when a very familiar name caught my attention. Ex-baseball star Darryl Strawberry had once once again been arrested for a series of completely ridiculous and outrageous behaviors. Sinful, in more King Learly terms would be an understatement when addressing Strawberrys most recent crimes. Robes and furrd gowns hide all? Its quite the opposite in this case. The public eye has actually been nothing less than relentless in poring over and pointing fingers of violate and look at him isnt that terrible?, all at Darryl Strawberry, the rich and famous baseball hero. His sin is plated with anything but gold. But you know what ? There might be some bum walking up the block from me right now, selling the same crack cocaine that got Mr. Strawberry in trouble. I wouldnt know about it, and neither would anybody else (law enforcement officials, for example). No one can see his small vices, despite his tatterd clothes.

Silence :: essays research papers fc

SilenceIn Maxine Hong Kingstons autobiographical piece Silence, she describes her softness to speak side of meat when she was in grade school. Kindergarten was the birthplace of her silence because she was a Chinese girl attending an American school. She was very embarrassed of her inability, and when moments came up where she had to speak, self-hatred filled her day because of that squeaky voice she possessed (422). Kingston notes that she never talked to anyone at school for her first year of silence, except for one or cardinal other Chinese kids in her class. Maxines sister, who was even worse than she was, stayed almost completely silent for three years. Both went to the kindred school and were in the same second grade class because Maxine had flunked kindergarten.The first time Kingston had to speak English in kindergarten was the moment silence infiltrated her world. Simple dialogue such as hello or asking for directions was hell for her because people usually couldnt hea r her the first time she asked, and her voice became weaker every time she tried to recur the question (422). No matter what, speaking English just shattered her self-esteem. Maxine covered her school artwork with black paint. In a sense, she was creating something beautiful that symbolized her futuristic ability to speak English well, then covering it with black paint that symbolized a curtain that would, in time, rise and reveal her artwork of exceptional English dialogue. Her teachers notified her parents of the paintings, but they could not understand English. So, Kingstons parents thought of it as something bad, according to the seriousness of the teachers expressions about them. As her father said, the parents and teachers of criminals were executed (423).Though Maxine was low-key in American school, it didnt mean that she was quiet in Chinese school which started after American school at 500pm and ended at 730pm. This was her escape from English where most of the kids, inc luding a couple of Negro kids that enrolled, could talk, shout, sing, chant, and joke around without the fear of embarrassment. Children were allowed to do whatever they wished during recess. Chinese school was where the accomplished boys in American school played tricks on girls, and where the girls had fistfights during recess because there were no rules. They played dangerous games in dangerous areas of the school and even wandered remove into the city while the teachers sat in the classrooms and drank tea and warmed their hands at a stove (425).

Plays :: essays research papers fc

OverviewThis is a research paper of at least 1000 speech communication that examines a play or playwright that we befuddle studied in class. Outcomes1) Students will gain a deeper understanding of a particular area of dramatic literature.2) Students will develop their writing skills through the conclusion of multiple drafts. 3) Students will develop their ability at conducting effective and ethical research. Submission of EmailsAll material must be submitted through email attachments, victimisation the following format. If you dont use this format I will return your emails to you. Using this format allows me to keep track of what youve sent me. a. In the field of operations line of your email write the name of our class, the name of the assignment you are submitting, your last name, your email address, the date, and the version of your workbut do not complicate any punctuation For example, Drama Literature Bibliography Wilson saw003 March 13 Version 1b. In the body of the ema il write something like thisHello Mr. Art, prone is my bibliography for the research paper. Sincerely,Liz WilsonDevelopment Process 1) Submission of a theme/play (5 points) Thursday, March 102) Submission of a bibliography (15 points) Thursday, March 17A bibliography must have a minimum of three websites, three books, and three journal entries. The entries must be cited according to MLA standards. If you dont know what these are, please wait a research librarian. 3) Submission of an annotated bibliography (25 points) Thursday, March 24The annotated bibliography must include one to three websites, one to three books, and one to three journals. Each accounting entry must have a paragraph that summarizes relevant information about a particular source. 4) Submission of a 250 word initial treatment of topic with thesis (25 points) Thursday, March 315) Second draft of at least 700 words (50 points) Thursday, April 76) Final draft of at least 1000 words (100 points) Thursday, April 14 P ossible areas to consider in choosing a topic and play 1) Comparing one play or playwright to anotherFor example, comparing the look Ibsen structures the plot of HeddaGabler to the way in which Chekhov structures the plot of The Cherry Orchard.2) Comparing a character from one play to anotherFor example, comparing Hedda Gabler to Amanda Wingfield. 3) Researching the context in which a play was writtenAesthetichow a play is connected to artistic movements and ideas, e.g., realism, tragedy, comedy, classicism, feminismChronologicalhow a play is connected to historical events that surrounded its creation.

Plays :: essays research papers fc

OverviewThis is a research paper of at least 1000 nomenclature that examines a play or playwright that we acquire studied in class. Outcomes1) Students will gain a deeper understanding of a particular area of dramatic literature.2) Students will develop their writing skills through the pass completion of multiple drafts. 3) Students will develop their ability at conducting effective and ethical research. Submission of EmailsAll material essential be submitted through email attachments, employ the following format. If you dont use this format I will return your emails to you. Using this format allows me to keep track of what youve sent me. a. In the sketch line of your email write the name of our class, the name of the assignment you are submitting, your last name, your email address, the date, and the version of your workbut do not include any punctuation For example, Drama Literature Bibliography Wilson saw003 March 13 Version 1b. In the body of the email write something lik e thisHello Mr. Art, attach is my bibliography for the research paper. Sincerely,Liz WilsonDevelopment Process 1) Submission of a publication/play (5 points) Thursday, March 102) Submission of a bibliography (15 points) Thursday, March 17A bibliography must have a minimum of three websites, three books, and three journal entries. The entries must be cited according to MLA standards. If you dont know what these are, please aim a research librarian. 3) Submission of an annotated bibliography (25 points) Thursday, March 24The annotated bibliography must include one to three websites, one to three books, and one to three journals. Each penetration must have a paragraph that summarizes relevant information about a particular source. 4) Submission of a 250 word initial treatment of topic with thesis (25 points) Thursday, March 315) Second draft of at least 700 words (50 points) Thursday, April 76) Final draft of at least 1000 words (100 points) Thursday, April 14 Possible areas to cons ider in choosing a topic and play 1) Comparing one play or playwright to anotherFor example, comparing the government agency Ibsen structures the plot of HeddaGabler to the way in which Chekhov structures the plot of The Cherry Orchard.2) Comparing a character from one play to anotherFor example, comparing Hedda Gabler to Amanda Wingfield. 3) Researching the context in which a play was writtenAesthetichow a play is connected to artistic movements and ideas, e.g., realism, tragedy, comedy, classicism, feminismChronologicalhow a play is connected to historical events that surrounded its creation.

Medicine Men of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska Essay

TheOglala medicinal drug workforce belong to the Sioux Indian Community in Manderson, Potato Creek, Kyle, Oglala, No. 4, Red Shirt Table, Wanblee. This Indian folk in Nebraska is watched over by a branch of the Office of Indian Affairs located within its territory. Civilizations possess customd different slipway of exercise set their disturbed. The bible states that Jesus cured the sick by using miracles. The Chinese cure their sick using reflexology, acupuncture as well as the taking of the root of the plant ginseng. The American doctors use patchufactured drugs equal Tylenol or Aspirins to cure the pains of their patients.Admittedly, the different ways of curing the sick has been handed down from generation to generation. In fact, in some countries, the faith healers accept that they nominate the inner power to heal the sick if their patients will have faith in the doctors. Currently, legion(predicate) born again fellowships are centered on a pastor who cures the cance rs (Aldredge-Clanton 11), diabetes, high blood and lets the invalid throw out his crutches because he can now walk. This type of healing is called miracle healing w present the pastor impresses on the minds of their church members that Jesus and around and will remove their affliction.The following paragraphs explains the uniqueness of the Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska as they go intimately their daily festive activity of maintaining the companys health by curing the ail ments and the misfortunates of their Indian neighbors. BODY His social occasion in the lodge The role of the checkup doctors or so called healers is to cure the sick and alleviate the pain of the dying Indian person. The healer brings hope the suffering and pain of their Indian neighbors. And the healers include in their checkup armory the Sun Dance.The Sun Dance is the ritual part of the Indian doctors healing procedure. This dance is performed during the summer solstice and indeed that most intricately complex part of the Indian healers curative swear out. Thus, their role in the connection is to heal the patients using many processes. One such(prenominal) process is the ritual method. For, ritual and reciprocal communication between the patient and the medicine men and women is designed to start a biological and social round of golf motion through by influencing the neurophysiologial structures of the patients ailed body split.Likewise, the Indian medicine mans way of curing their patient is blanketed with myth which includes the use of the milieu in the healing process (Lewis 169). To reiterate, the medicine mens role is to keep as many of their Indian neighbors as level-headed as possible. Evidently, a healthy people would spur the communitys economy to a more frantic pace. However, a population with many sick neighbors would eat away the communitys money because the government has lesser people to spice up the communitys economy.The medicine men and women here also sus pensor the community by influencing the policy makers in their community to craft laws, ordinances and statutes that focus on maintaining the health of the Oglala Indian community of Nebraska, USA (Lewis, 41). Thus, the role that these Oglala Indian medicine men play is very important. His status The status of the Oglala American Indian of Nebraska, USAs medicine men and women here is such that they are being indisputable and asked for advices in terms of health.In fact, many politicians in their community approve of the teachings and activities of the medicine. This is their way of enticing the medicine men and women to recommend to their patients, friends and every day contacts to ballot for the politician and to support him or her plans and programs for the Oglala Indian community. Unquestionably, their major role is to keep the people healthy. (Lewis 71). For, these medicine men of Oglala, Nebraska exude an air of authority for what they see their patients to do will often be done in most cases because the patients want to live longer.His knowledge The Oglala medicine men and medicine women are largely comprised of senior citizens who started their medicine practice late or after the prime of their life. For, they had to gather enough experiences in life as well as theory-based knowledge that will give them necessary medical checkup knowledge as they take up administrative positions in their Indian tribe. Many of the older women and men of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement absorbed all they could to gain expertise in the field of medical practice that included the use of herbs as medicines.Specifically, many of the medical practitioners of this small United States tribe specialized in the study of the symptoms, causes and the herbal cures for various diseases. Also, some of the medicine men and women generally studied how to cure the bodily and mind -related sickness (Lewis, 10). The Oglala medicine men are generally well versed in terms of which h erbal plants will be very effective in alleviating many of the health risks of their constituents. Beliefs, and similar type of cultivation that relates to the Medicine men.The people of the Oglala Indian settlement believe that some ritual songs can pure tone on it the healing process. One such popular song is the Oglalas Indian song. This magical song is believed to sprinkle the patients with the powder of cure. The Indian medicine men believe that this song is embodied with syncretistic and revivalist. For, this song brings out the embodiment of syncreustic and revivalistic elements of the Sioux faith and Pan Indian movements. The Indian medicine men and women believe that the occurrent ailments afflicting their constituents were caused by their intermingling with the White Americans.For, they believed that the normal Indian was healthy before these whites visited them and imprisoned them in Indian settlements. Thus, the present Indian sickness have been brought about by the ir change in lifestyles. For, The Indians freely roamed the prairie and other lands as they followed where the roaming animals would go during the pre white days. This lifestyle had been cut because the whites placed them inside their Indian settlements for fear they Indians would endanger the lives of the Whites. The Indian healers believed that the Whites had forced them to live in log cabins.This is what caused their health to deteriorate to the level of the whites health conditions. Also, the Indian lifestyles of free roaming of the desserts to search for their main saucer of buffalo meat to their new log cabins resulted to a crowded home and give instruction (Carter 103). Thus, their physical power to repel viruses and bacteria that is the root cause of many of the unhealthiness continues to this day. For, the Indians believed that living in their teepees ( Indian tent houses) brought them good health (Fletcher 81).Reference ceremonies or events the medicine men conducts or p articipates in. The medicine men and the medicine women of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement studied how some of the herbs cropping up around their community could alleviate or even eradicate some or all their community members ailments. This also includes other mundane treatments of many of the diseases plaguing the Indian Territory. Also, the Oglala medicine men conducted their normal Sun Dance in their community to usher in health into their community.In addition, the medicine men and women of the Oglala United States Indian reservation included in some of their jobs to cure their fellow Indian tribesmen and tribeswomen several repertoire of what they determine as Sacred Indian songs. In fact, some of the tribe men and tribe women native doctors use a unique Indian method set forth as calling the healing process to start immediately. Normally, the healing process is a two way succeed. Meaning, the tribesmen and tribeswomen and their Indian patients must literally put their re ligion and fate in the medicine men and women to pluck them out of their pain or injustice.This trust is influenced by the strength and intensity of the medicine men, medicine women and their patients to have an unwavering conviction that their local community doctors here would cure them of their pain and suffering. Further, this only shows that the entire healing process of their local healers falls beyond mans control and ambition. In short, the Indian healing process is classified by something clearly outside the normal realm of human control and ambitiousness. The medical training here is uniquely their own.Meaning, their medical procedures clearly run one hundred eighty degrees around the normal medical procedures that non Indian medical practitioners use to cure or just alleviate their sick patients. Thus the long and energy sapping training that the Indians study medicine in their local community willingly undergo in order to reach the prestigious status in their locality a s a medicine man. In fact, only a few of the fresh graduates of formal schools are willing to continue their education in the new field of local Indian medicine.In contrast, many of the people studying medicine in this local United States Indian tribe in Lakotas (Faller 64) have also been introduced of the United States white mens medical school among the Navajo Indians. However, this Navajo idea is not part of the wishes of the Oglala Indians because they do not aim to set up their own medicine schools. Here, the local Indians can sell their medical materials desire the medicinal herbs as well as the ceremony programs. Usually, these Indian health programs allow the selling or giving of medicine materials and ceremonial disease -curing processes to be sold or given to another person needing them.The medical training of Indians aspiring to be medical practitioners includes starting out as assistant singer or drummer in a real live medical hearing process for several years. The Indi an medical student must blend into the environment with their participation of much needed Sun Dance and other medicine rights so that the medicine trainees so they could increase their powers as well as reputation with their patients handled. For, the medicine men and women believe that they have reached that pinnacle in life where they could qualify as a representative of the spirit world.For the medicine men and women in this tribe normally also use the power of conjuring spirits to help them in their day to day medical practices (Lewis 39). A healing process includes consulting the parents and relatives of the sick patient in order to get a historical background the patient from the patients health issues as well as the sickness that the patients parents, grandparents and the manage normally have. Also, the medicine men and women ask additional information from their patients advisers as well as intermediaries.Also, the Indian healers show the same techniques and processes as they go about curing sick patients with the same illnesses. A formal healing session always starts with the patient visiting the Indian healer several times in a casual way in order to entice the Indian healers to accept this person as a new patient. Accepting this patient is a new contract. The medicine men and women normally command the patients to primary fast, to seek visions, to abstain on some things, to pray for divine healing from God, and to prepare aliment for inns.Accepting the new patient is then followed by the Indian healers full concentration of healing powers and time to a full implementation of the proper medical healing procedures to be imposed. In turn, the patient can now sit back, relax and wait for their medicine man or medicine woman to help him or her cure his or her medical condition. The medicine men and women recognize some of the medical practices of white doctors. One such belief shared by both types of doctors is that time is an ally in many medical c ases.For, these Indian healers believe that time helps in their patients recovery process. Also, time heals some fears or phobias like what the white psychologists and psychiatrists adhere to. Naturally, the arrival of the medicine man or woman ushers in the patient a sign of relief because finally something and something will step into the painful world to extricate them from their miseries (Lewis 40). Normally, the Indian medicine man or womans healing repertoire includes a drama like presentation. Meaning, the curing process includes a stage, actors as well as music.For, the patient is now transported into a world where the patient is not placed in darkness, immobility and a world of healing songs which sometimes includes dances. Consequently, the patient is healed because of the trance they enter into where the medical songs bring healing into their afflicted body part or parts (Lewis 42). This picturesque orchestra like description of the medicine mans or medicine womans work s hows that he or she plays a glacial part in the Oglala Nebraska, USA Indian community. On the other side of the United States, the Navajo Indians also use their kind of traditional healing.The medicine men here use the medical technique of gazing. The medicine men just gazes in their patients to feel the aura of the patient. For, the Navajo Indian medicine men will feel the vibrations that circulate him what caused the patient to fall victim to a virus, bacteria, to succumb to high blood, diabetes, cancer, epilepsy and the like. The Navajo Indian doctor then moves some of the patients parts like the hands and feet to confirm his first impression of what the patients ailment is (Davies 83).The medicine doctors of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska, USAs main role is to maintain the health of their small Indian community. The medicine men use raw(a) ways of curing the sick. One such way is to use the Sun Dance. The Sun dance brings health to the community because this festive dance i s believed to absorb the live elements of the environment and funnel it to the people in the community. Also, the medicine man uses the communication process as part of his healing procedures. Here, he gathers much needed information from the patient, his family and his relatives in order to come up with the cause or causes of his unhealthiness.

How does Steinbeck prepare us for the end, and link it to the beginning? Essay

Steinbeck prepared us for the end by many different reasons that occur in the play. The Incident at weed, killing mice, killing a dog and crushing Curleys hand is all evidence for this.The weed incident prepared us for the end by alerting the readers that something has g unrivalled impose on _or_ oppress at one place and how long will it be till something else like this occurs. An you aint gonna do no bad things like you make in Weed, neither.George liked to stroke mice in his hand, but he doesnt know his own strength as he is a big considerable strong man. I could pet it with my thumb while we walked along said Lennie, but as Lennie is so strong he just crushes the poor animal. glaze overs old dog was shot because it is wrong to let an animal suffer in pain. The dog Got no teeth, Hes all inexorable with rheumatism and he is ancient.Lennie killed Curleys wife by acciendent because they were in the barn together and Lennie was stroking her hair, but she didnt want him to mess it u p You stop it now youll mess it all up. And she yelled and Lennie put his hand around her mouth and said Oh Please dont do that. George will be mad. George broke her neck another incident were Lennie doesnt know his own strength.Steinbeck links the beginning to the end with George and Lennie. They both expand through out the play reminding them selves of The American Dream, and that is what they talked about before going on to the ranch George thought it would be nicer to lay under the stars with one night relaxation. The last time they ever dream of The American Dream is at the end when George shoots Lennie while he is dreaming of the rabbits. Les do it now. Les get that place now was the last words he ever said.Lennie is the same old Lennie with a childlike mental age. George is invariably there to look after him and tell him what to do like in a adult child situation, come on, give it to me. Stienbeck always describes Lennie as a animal from the beginning to the end snorting i nto the water like a horse. They always argue and Lennie says he will go away, but george knows that his opera hat friend wont be able to look after him self and will end up getting shot, at the end he says I can go away an find a cave. At the beginning Lennie says the same thing go off in the hills. Id find a cave. George said somebodyd shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourselfLennie is also a killer, he attacks Curley, curlys wife, kills mice and throws his dead pup on to the floor in anger. Lennie is not mean, he doesnt want to cause pain or suffering. George knew that if he let Lennie live then he would sooner or later be found and caught, and would most likely be tortured by Curly then be put in a prison for the rest of his life or killed on the spot. George didnt want to she George go through any pain or suffer so he put him out of his own misery, just like the dog

Online Payroll System Essay

This chapter presents a brief discussion and introduction about the proposed dodge, the Online Payroll dodge. Its conceptual framework, the movement of the existing manual based system as well as the automated process of the proposed system, the problems and the possible ways to minimize the hassle of the existing system, and the objectives and substance of the understand.IntroductionEvery employee needs to be paid for the services he provides. For this to happen, the employer must constitute a payroll system in place. So obviously, on that point argon benefits to be derived from using a payroll system. A payroll system is the method used by payroll professionals to pay employees for their services.As astute machine technology changes at such fast phase, many businesses sectors try to cope up by upgrading computer system constantly in order to go forward competitive. The multi-function ability of technology for its advance system is also an important factor for a company to use software. It makes efficient use of the advance technology and has dream to discover more. Computers have the great impact on the profession of accounting. With the rapid growth of technology today, there is no doubt that computer lead fuck off a common asset in all in all profession. The program also allows the monthly payroll schedule to be calculated accurately. Just by having all employees info likename, working hours, pay rate many others to enter in the entropybase. Therefore, payroll empennage be done with the guide of the program. The system is tidy in for its specialty in the fields of accounting. It is easy to use, effective and efficient in organizing and calculating the payroll. In addition, this study aims to develop a reliable and doable computerizedpayroll system for Eastwoods Professional College of Science and Technology for a better fudgeable of a business. The Proposed Online Payroll System will give a sorry relief of the employee and employers as we ll.Payroll consists of the process by which a business pays its employees for work performed during a specific period. A payroll system allows businesses to follow a set series of processes in order to make timely, correct payments incompliance with government regulations. A payroll system may be manual or computerized and handled in-house or outsourced to another provider. The payroll process typically includes calculating employee pay, recording payroll transactions and determining and paying payroll taxes. A company must have in place a timekeeping system that accurately reflects the hours put in employees as well as the regular allowance payments for exempt workers. Employers typically sustain federal income tax from employee earnings at the end of the year, they must report all wages, tips and other compensation paid.The solution has to take care of calculation of salary as per rules of the company. This Online Payroll System is a full-featured system that manages financial randomness of every employee in an organization. It computes and processes the payroll in the certain payroll period.This Online Payroll System is also a flexible compensation administration solution. It is designed to help mankind resource professionals as well as finance and accounting staff office to manage employee compensation, deductions, allowances, and benefits in anorganization. The system is integrated with the Employees information, offers efficient features and functionalities to manage companys expenses.Background of the thinkNowadays all establishment are becoming modernized, they use modern technologies to make their transaction fast, easy, and accurate in order to avoid waste of time and for the sake of safety and security department. It also helps human to solve and understand complex problem and analysis such us thecomputational need of humans. Especially to business establishment or corporation affect enormous info and complex transaction. Payroll is an exam ple of a complex transaction because it is a critical business operation dealing with numerous accounts and catch plenty and confidential files. Payroll is encompasses every employee of a company who receives a regular wages or other compensation due to each. Applying manual number on a Payroll transaction involving the vast beat answer in that problem would be computer because computers can simulate enormous selective information and can process complex transaction in a fast and efficient way. It can generate numerous accounts and data accurately. An Online Payroll System will not only provide accurate calculation and fast process of Payroll transaction but it will secure data through security implementation and accordingly arrange files provided by a well-designed database that will produce a paperless environment.Conceptual FrameworkThe group gathered some data and information by conducting feasibility studies on heads of every department in EASTWOODS Professional College of Sc ience and Technology by conducting an interview with them on how the user monitor and manage the items respectively, specifically to the main user of the inventory which is the admin. a. Process of the Existing Systemb. Process of the Proposed SystemStatement of the ProblemThe existing system expected to recreate problems with regards in the manual computation of the employees income. It might have an error in the computation because it is manually calculated. Moreover, the manual system needs so ofttimes effort and spends so many papers which is obviously expensive. Due to this, the developers think of the different possibilities wherein, the problems that were encountered in the manual-based payroll system will be taken away. The study intends to minimize the hassle in bookkeeping and calculating the employees income.The group seeks to answer the following1. Can the system fall the hassle in data storage and calculation ofemployees income of the payroll systems? 2. Can the syst em be able to surpass on the following criteriaAccuracySecurityReliability availabilityEfficiencyFlexibilityEffectiveness and Functionality3. From manually to online way of data storage and calculation of employees income in the proposed payroll system, what are the different advantages?Objective of the StudyGeneral ObjectivesTo develop a network-based payroll system for Eastwoods Professional College of Science and Technology, that is user-friendly, more accurate, more efficient, and can easily produce reports of the transactions faster.Specific ObjectivesIn order to fulfill our objective, we will observe the following1. To conduct an interview about the current payroll system. 2. Observed how the current payroll system performs the operations. 3. To report the different problems of manual payroll system. 4. To help the municipal hall and the employee to make their work faster and shorter. 5. To identify problems in using the system through data flow diagram. 6. To design a sauci ly system that is an online based.Significance of the Studya. Economic SignificanceFor the system is paperless, the proposed system is economically earthshaking because it can lessen the expenses such as spending money for buying papers.b. Educational SignificanceThe proposed system is educationally significant because the administrator may discover some new learning on how to develop and improve the system so that it become more reliable and more useful. c. Operational SignificanceThe proposed system is very significant when it comes to the operation because it can avoid the hassle in calculating the employees income. Moreover, through the proposed system, it can lessen the error in calculation. Also, the data encoded in the proposed system is secure when disaster comes likes flood, typhoon, tsunami and many others. d. Legal SignificanceScope and LimitationThe scope of the developed system is to generate an Online Payroll System which is capable of calculating the employees income . The main user, which is the admin can use this Online Payroll System to calculate and store the encoded data online. The proposed system can automatically calculate the employees income later on the admin encode all the information needed. Compare to the manual based system, this is more accurate, fast and easy to use. Moreover, every employee can access the Online Payroll System so that they can monitor their income individually. The project is developed by the Administrator and it will work only in EASTWOODS Professional College of Science and Technology. The proposed system is accessible in all web browser such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer and many others. There are 2 users that can access the system, the Admin and every employee. The Admin can view reports of the calculation of employees income. The proposed system is useful as long as the internet connection is present.

Ethics of Teachers Essay

Teachers be ultimately construeed as perfect in the eyes of their scholars therefore, their demeanor should exemplify a high standard of good abstract thought and protocol. Teachers atomic number 18 part of the k straightwayledgeal world and should not participate in unethical behaviors which whitethorn deter the method of analyzing and reasoning of assimilators. The personality of instructors is crucial when they may bear on the future c arr goals and educational path of their students.Although schoolers may not be significantly awargon, they are held to high standards by their students and they are extremely important individuals that may impact the foundation of a students educational success. The corroboratory behavior that teachers vibe to their students impact their motivational trends which promotes them to excel. However, a good deal times teachers may let on negative emotions that may detour a students path and leave them feeling unworthy, unappreciated, and the desire to prove up on their future goals.Students hand the majority of their life in the classroom, which concludes that the overall organizational refinement and ethics that teachers exemplify in the classroom provide ultimately affect the mindset of students. The cogitate of this paper go out be to compare and contrast the overall finale in the classroom of students surrounded by positive and negative teachers. I will explicitly outline the component parts that will cause a student to excel or fail due to the organizational culture that is embedded within them.I will further conclude the paper by implying that teachers are more important than the subject courses they may teach, but are the educational go awayers that support a significant impact on the lives of their students. Introduction The interaction between teachers and students is critical to produce high-level student learning and achievement. The instruct styles of teachers may be related to moral set out a go at itment they display respect and fairness in their teaching environment.In relation to Stakeholders, teachers may be viewed as a fall upon stakeholder in the field of education since they are the primary key holders that lay the foundation of the future of the students. In order for teachers to effectively influence their students in positive directions, they will accommodate to demonstrate strong ethical values. Being an individual of high ethical values, two basic questions are involved, What is the right thing to do and why should you do the right thing? (Bowie and Schneider, 2011).Teachers concur the moral obligation to maintain their character to a higher standard in the presence of their students. The teacher as a stakeholder is expected to possess the professional knowledge to lead the students in instruction. However, It is challenging for teachers to transform the culture and have a positive view in the eyes of their students without parental support. Parents are the educational stakeholders that provide parental guidance for the students and the support for the teachers Literature Review The authorization of teachers will facilitate the empowerment of students (Short and Greer, 2002). As educators, teachers have to embrace the ethical standards that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons (Bowie and Schneider, 2011).Teacher have to continuously be involved in the moral beliefs and conducts and give to ensure that they shape the future of their students lives under a solid foundation of ethnicity. Relating to the Domains of Human Activities, teachers may relate to the triads of Moultons continuum into the categories of Positive fair play (Codified Ethics Regulation ), Ethics (implementation of moral values, requiring integrity and practice, and Free Choice (liberty, allowing creativity, self-realization and license). Positive Law would refer to the Code of Ethics have to abide by to ensure equality to their profession of teaching. The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices (Campbell, 2006). whole teachers have a Code of Ethics that they are morally responsible for upholding. The foundation to the success of teachers is their ethical and moral reasoning that is their guide of doing what is right in their classroom and teachers with high integrity respect the values of their Code of Ethics.The National Education Association (NEA) has created a code of ethics for the diverse necessitate of the teaching profession, which are ? Access to varying points of view ?Do not distort subje ct matter ?Protect students from harm ?Do not embarrass or disparage ?Do not discriminate ?Do not use professional relationship for private advantage ? Do not disclose unavowed information Teachers of high integrity, have an intrinsic awareness between ethical and moral principles. They display ethical knowledge which includes a sense of right and wrong, treating others with respect, macrocosm objective, patient and compassionate. Embodying ethical knowledge gives the teacher the ability to practice their teaching skills with morals and ethics and not just viewing their job as beingness teaching only (Campbell, 2006). A teachers rationale to success may be based on the motto of Winston Churchill, Mountaintops inspire leaders but valleys mature them (Pockell and Avila, 2007). Teachers should give their students the freedom of choice and self-realization which will promote a sense of unity with the teachers and students.However, with regards to liberty, it should be limited to pro tect the ethics within the classroom. Ethics in the classroom should be valued to a high standard to maintain the organizational climate in the classroom. Each pupil graduating from the elementary, secondary, or higher seduces of education should receive personal advice and direction regarding further education or employment (Horne, 1970). An excellent example of how teachers with high ethical values can impact student achievement is prevalent in a School System where elementary students where behind in their current grade level.The Elementary Alternative Education schedule was established to help students become motivated to excel in their educational venue. The program was targeted at students that were two-three years behind in their current grade and was over-aged for their grade level. The teachers that committed to teach the students had a high level of moral and ethical responsibility to motivate their students and transform their students to become students of higher aca demic success learning.The delay below depicts the improvement in academic of students from the 2007 2008 school year till the 2010-2011 school year. The data below indicates that the students enrolled in the program with the assistance of their teachers are now on the pathway on Graduation from high school. The students were deemed unreachable to teach due to their classroom behavior and other factor ins, but with the determination of their teachers they have increase their academic level. The National Bureau of Economic Research has indicated that Good Teachers raise Student Achievement.Although there is no silver bullet that guarantees that every student will be successful, now more than ever research provides guidance about the characteristics of effective schools and effective teachers that, if followed, can help maximize school and ultimately student performance (Horne, 1970). According to Post, Preston, and Sachs, The stakeholders in a corporation are the individuals and c onstituencies that contribute, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to its wealth-creating capacity and activities, and that are therefore its potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers.In comparison with this model, teachers are the stakeholders that voluntarily work to improve the success of their students through motivation and determination. However, the primary impact of teachers whether they are successful in alter academic success or not is to educate the students. Every student has the ability to learn, however, they need a teacher that has a passion for teaching to educate the students. In regards to the Stakeholders Analysis, teacher has to identify the needs of their students and execute a plan to approach the problem for face-value.As teachers, it is important to understand that all students are different and they should utilize different methods to attempt to reach their students. The big picture that teachers normally use to motivate them to help their students is t he graduation rate. The success of student cannot be through with(p) alone. Teachers have to reach out to the parents to unite as one to help the students since their common goal is the success of their students. Often times students are unfortunate to be enrolled in the classroom of a teacher that lacks integrity and the culture of the classroom is detrimental to the learning summons.The culture of the classroom is set by the teachers and the students. If the overall organizational culture of the classroom is disorientated, and then the students will be ineffective in performing their daily tasks. Teachers must(prenominal) be able to present their material, effectively manage their classrooms, facilitate maximum student involvement, and ultimately, enhance student learning. The vision implementation of teachers affects the performance and many attitudes of many of their students. (Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1996).Teachers have to ensure the classroom climate is has a positive effec t on the students and that the motivational factors are supportive in the overall success of the students. As with many aspects of classroom management, the most important factor in creating a positive classroom environment is the teacher, and this is where the process must out. The climate in the classroom is of course more than the physical classroom environment. It is a process that builds the psychological framework for all activity that happens in the classroom.The classroom climate is not just about motivation and student well-being, it is a major ingredient of the context for successful learning. Real learning cannot take place in a negative classroom climate. According to the Jones Issue Contingent Model, teachers that have negative impact on student achievement fail to utilize ethical reasoning while attempting to teach their students. The failure may arise from attempting to teach all the students in the same process with utilizing Differentiated Instruction to reach all students.If they would have used the Synthesis of Ethical Decision-Making Model, then they would have cognise the different stages of Differentiated Instruction and had a positive impact on their students. Teachers that fail to differentiate their teaching is modeling immoral management, meaning they are they are displaying minimal ethical reasoning with the students. As teachers, they have the responsibility to educate the children as a moral obligation to the students, parents, and themselves. By failing to address the needs of the students, they are depicting low moral intensity.Moral intensity of the issue itself does have a significant role and could influence teachers in their ethical decision-making process as their attention to the issue are being directed by the embedded intensity level of the respective issues. The primary goal of ethical reasoning is to help individuals act in morally responsible ways (Weiss, 125). While natural rights are the basis for justice, rights cannot be realized nor does justice become running(a) without power. The interaction between ones ethical philosophies can influence the ethical decisions that an individual can make.Teachers are liable to treat each student in their classroom with an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others, which in their case is their education. Teachers have the moral obligation to treat all students in the classroom equally. They have the right to receive an education and the teachers highest level of knowledge that may displayed to them. Teachers are faced with many trials and tribulations in the classroom, but they have the moral obligation to provide students with a environment conducive to learning.For students to achieve, it is the responsibility of teachers to provide a classroom culture that will increase a students motivational factors. Feedback, where positive or negative can promote student achievement. Teachers are viewed as teach ers are more important than the subject courses they may teach, but are the educational leaders that have a significant impact on the lives of their students. Leadership is a reflection on modeled behavior that is learned. Students learn from the teachers and adapt themselves to their leadership demeanor.Leaders within an organization, have vast types of leadership styles. Teachers, however, are viewed as individuals with more personal ethics. Transformational leaders produce students that will be effective leaders and impeccable role models for their fellow peers. They have the ability to empower, coach, and lead their students to success. The theory of transformational leaders is based on the theory of James Burns. The type of leadership style is moral because it increases the humanities of students and their aspirations.True leadership, defined by its ethical core, is transforming for the leader and the follower alike. Transforming leadership transcends other forms of leadership because it is committed to doing the right things as opposed to doing things right (Anderson et al, 2006). Teachers assume the ethical responsibility to transform the culture of their students and are responsibility for the in adverse effects it may have on their students. Transforming leadership also assumes that the transformation is mutual and reciprocal in which a follower can assume a leadership role and the leader a follower role.Teachers are more than classroom teachers they are role models to their students. Students often mimic the behavior of their teachers because they admire their leadership style. Often times teachers that possess high integrity and ethical behavior are called mean. Teachers push their students to work harder than judge so they can excel in academic achievement. When students have to work harder than normal, they respect the morals that their teachers require them to uphold. Culture is another factor that is critical in transforming the culture of stu dents.Conclusion Leadership is a reflection on modeled behavior that is learned. Students learn from the teachers and adapt themselves to their leadership demeanor. The success of students not only start with the parents, but it is the teachers that the parents have entrusted with their children to teach them the skills they will need to become successful professionals once they leave the reins of their teachers. As with many aspects of classroom management, the most important factor in creating a positive classroom environment is the teacher.Real learning cannot take place in a negative classroom climate. The classroom must be conducive and inviting for parents, staff, and most of all children. The relationship between parents and teachers, like every other relationship, depends on trust. Above all, teachers must not compete with parents what teachers have learned about their students is different from what parents know, primarily because they observe, interact with, and experience the students in group settings. While our observations and experiences are different, they are not necessarily more validated than hose of parents.Teachers, students, and parents are all key stakeholders within the educational organization. The ultimate goal for all stakeholders is to achieve a high school diploma and then proceed to their career goals. Teaching is designed to result in action (Schaefer, 1990). Teachers, student, and parents will act as a unit of one to maintain the culture of the classroom environment to motivate the students to excel at their highest academic level.

Gender Violence

Gender and Violence The young woman from the military article was very cour durationous for coming out and telling her personal story slightly the rape she endured while serving In the military. I feel the word and the action of rape has been seen as sort of a taboo for many generations passim the army. So many questions about gender and violence came to my mind after reading the article. One being, why must woman be afraid of losing their billet for speaking of a vicious trigger-happy act on them?Rape, is such a violent act, which can both physically and psychologically ruin a woman forever. How can these military men shun someone who has no control over what was done to her? The ethics of the case I feel would be found in a country without a justice system. Certain measures need to be alternated In order for this order to resist this type of desensitising behavior In the military and throughout male driven occupations. Often both abuse and violent behaviors are Internalized at a young age and further exemplified In the persons adulthood.For example, Byron Hurts mentioned In his article how stunned he was about learning the lengths that women do to protect themselves from sexual assault and how it really evoked him to take ND want to learn about gender. After learning about the pistillate gender issues of violence, I felt he begun to learn what respect a woman really meaner. It is interesting how him choosing to educate himself about violence and gender had a more powerful effect on him than seeing the emotional set up of verbal abuse as a child.He even mentioned how he had a special bond with his mother and seeing her emotional pain did not change his mannerisms and understanding of the proper way to treat a woman. Education may be the most powerful tool in order to prevent violent gender behaviors amongst men towards woman In the military. Many Individuals that enter the military do not have a college education which may have unresolved them with some kind of background from a course about violence against women.Being said, some of these men may have grown up in an surroundings where abuse against a woman was okay and therefore will further exemplify the learned mannerism in the military. Education and creating programs in order to prevent these violent actions are important to erase the macho like mentality found in the military and will help men to understand that it is insufferable to exhibit such violence against any woman. Reading the articles also made me want to wink further about some personal instances in which female family or friends have kept quiet about unwanted male behavior In the workplace.An event that came to mind was how my sister said she always tries to avoid the copy room at work because the last time she went In there a random man asked her out on a date. It Is arouse how that small level of male Inappropriateness made my sister forever want to avoid the copy room. Comparing this to the violence aga inst the women in the military is nothing, I can only imagine Just now terrible these woman tell trot all the negativity of an unpreventable violent act against their body.

Barbour’s Entry into Spain

John Barbour and Sons is Ltd is a cloth manufacturing confederation that has been in operation since 1894. They manufacture garments that argon waxed to provide a waterproof finish. The clothes pitch been apply by fishermen, naval officers and cyclists. The companys products take away gained varied popularity response in diametric regions depending on the lore of their clients. almost have take uped it as functional while another(prenominal)s view it as a passing fad and fancy. In spite if the varied reactions by the customers, the Barbour company has managed to sustain its commercialize share and keep its reputation high by maintaining its mains principles.The company, originally from Britain has gained popularity in the international merchandise and has moved to other neighbouring countries like linked States, Canada, France and Spain. Due this expansion, the company introduced new products in terms of designs to cater for the new markets. Their unique merchandise dod ging and the development of new designs have played an authorised role in their success especially in the international market hence solving the exchange rate inconveniences.The launch of the company website was a nonher corking achievement of the Barbour Company that came with a lot of benefits including improved job-customer birth and developed brand loyalty. The uniqueness of the companys marketing dodge has lead to defining of two clubs on their website that is, Barbour owners club and Barbour members club. This is a emulous advantage they have against their competitions. They also provide for cross selling through their website database Product normalisationBarbour Company is truly popular with manufacturing of classic waxed clothed in the European market. Since on that point is increased competition in the international market, the company has to do a swell deal of promotion and marketing in order to remain competitive in the developing market. One of the strategies to do this is to carry out product calibration (Carlo 1994). Though marketing abroad is truly tricky and the products for export are non necessarily the same as those for home(prenominal)ated market, core chance becalm remain crucial for both markets.In order to maintain competitiveness in the international market, the Barbour Company should carry out international strategies that hold customization, product version, and regeneration other than standardization. In the international market, the extent of standardization should be limited to certain degree since the requirements may not be the same as the domestic needs. Three methods commonly applied by some of the successful companies include 1. adopting the same promotion and marketing policy home and abroad 2. the company takes distribute of the proper(postnominal) requirements of overseas customers3. The firm may opt to start designing from scratch, products for the foreign market. The reasons why Barbour Company ne eds to carry out some standardization its marketing strategy is the benefits that shape up with the standardization of product in the international market. They include the company is more likely to benefit from economies of scale, this means that the company would love discounts and expenses that it would benefit as a result of the increased production. Per cost production is cut down and production volume is increased (Carlo 1994).Common consumer needs allow for product standardization, there are some commodities that are universally used and need same prerequisite across borders for example, raincoats and jackets. Standardization allows cutting down of cost that could have been incurred in designing other products from scratch. Consumer mobility is another strategy in International marketing process. This process helps firms to specifically manufacture products for the markets abroad. Other than standardization, consumer mobility is a strategy that brings about consumer retent iveness and consumer mobility.This process will be used by Barbour Company to answer very elementary questions about the foreign market before venturing in to it. They include subjects like, how do the clients arrive at a purchasing decision, what is the customers judgement of the stores presentation and how does it influence buying behaviour. These topics would help the management of Barbour a great deal in the prediction of in-store consumer trends and the other factors that affect their purchasing habits. Such findings thr one be very useful in designing the marketing strategy that would be used in the foreign market (Carlo 1994).Understanding consumer mobility and purchasing relationships would assist in predicting the expected trend and flow of products in the market and would encourage innovative technology to gather the customers requirement as observed by the customer mobility trends. Production adaptation the opposite of product standardization and is equally important i n marketing in new markets especially overseas. Product adaptation involves modification and innovation of a firms products based on the existing products of the competitors in the market.This strategy exploits the competitor products and not on ground-breaking innovations, it follows the existing product portfolio. Since in Spain there are existing cloth manufacturing already, Barbour Company needs to carry out a seek on the existing consumer requirements and specifications and tell on modifications on their products and promote them in the international market (Carlo 1994). Many exporting companies have or those that are multinational and have branches in other nations have engaged in product modification of their supply and has devised very efficient foreign marketing style.Designing such strategy should consider the available resources and the profits. Having eight retail stores U. K and its presence in over 28 countries in the European market including Spain is a very challen ging shape for the Barbour Company. The company has to employ the following adaptation techniques in product adaptation as a marketing strategy depending on customer desires and market objectives 1. same(p) product same needs this strategy would help to popularize Barbour Cloth Company along other companies that are producing similar products both in domestic and foreign market.This is because they meet similar deeds 2. Same product different needs this could be used when similar products are intended for different purposes. Some cloths may be viewed as essential for example, waxed coats used by fisher men while other clients may view them as average fashionable. 3. Different product, similar needs this strategy would help to provide alternative products in the market for customers in both foreign and domestic market. 4. Dual adaptation this king of product adaptation would involve modifying the product as well as the purpose for its use.This is normally very big-ticket(preno minal) and would not be very necessary unless it shows greater success rates in a field not yet exploited. 5. Invention this helps the companies in question to cater for customers who may not be able to afford what already exists in the market. This is because some customers have low income and might not be able to manage to pay for expensive garments or the same adaptation can be applied where a company discovers a cheaper production technology that can be used to fulfill the same requirements.Developing Integrated Communications Strategy Integrated marketing communication is a way of ensuring that all information and messages are connected. This means that the process touch go beyond just the coordination of a companys outgoing information (advertisements and promotions) through different media and the reliability of the message (Schultz et,al. 1996). Integrated marketing strategy utilizes widespread customer information to plan and develop a marketing approach.Barbour Company has to develop a well intentional integrated marketing strategy because it would enable the company to have an on paper plan which would be very effective in sustaining its market niche in a competitive world as well as discover new marketing requirements and unmet customer needs (Schultz et,al. 1996). Steps in designing this communication mix are 1. Creating customer database bearing in mind that Barbour Company operates its own data base, creation of customer database would enable the management access customer information and crumble the purchasing habits and trends in the market.2. Laying down on-paper strategies the marketing strategy is usually developed form the information obtained from the customer database. Business communication, gross revenue and promotions are designed from the insights from the customer information. 3. Designing working tactics once the general strategy has been laid down, proper promotional plans can be specified to target specific marketing goal s. 4. Evaluation of Strategy the outcomes of the new information about the consumer habits is investigated to establish the efficiency of the strategy set to operate. Marketing Communication MixThis defines the exact advertising long suit to be used, personal selling, market promotion, and caper customer relationships the company would use to meet the objectives set in the marketing strategy (Schultz et,al. 1996). The best marketing strategies usually work out the 4 Ps Versus the 4 Cs analysis Product and Customer in designing consumer products, the company should make sure that the customer needs and requirements are met. Both the international and local markets have changed so much that businesses no longer trade in what they can make rather the product specification is determined by consumers specific needs.Since the customer is the man in business, then meeting the requirement puts a business at a better note in the market mix. Price and Cost the determine of products sh ould be designed to comply with the consumers cost to cope with his/her needs. Research has found out that impairment is just one element of the consumers cost structure in meeting their needs (Yeshin 1998). The intrinsic cost plays a very critical part for example its the cost of time to watch a movie and the cost of guilt for not treating your friends well.Place and Convenience grooming of products at the right place at the right time should be matched with the convenience the customer would enjoy. Convenience covers characteristics of physical or practical location, easiness of access, and reduced transaction time (Yeshin 1998). Promotion and Communication promotional marketing should not be hard to comprehend as the purpose of the message may not be accomplished. The best mediums for communication and promotional activities in marketing should have a feedback mechanism to enable two way communications (Yeshin 1998).The message should be understood by the customer in a way t o create the need to purchase products cosmos marketed. The revolutionized marketing communications has prompted the change of mass marketing strategy to more target specific marketing. The changes and improved information and communication technology has facilitated market segmentation. The progress in information technology especially the aspect of media fragmentation has encouraged narrowcasting as opposed to broad casting The BenefitsThough integrated Marketing Communications would require a lot of resources from Barbour Company, the benefits (competitive advantage, Profits and increased sales) that come with it are worth the cost and the effort invested in the strategy. Integrated communication wraps information around consumers and shortens the time spent in the buying. This enable to reduce queues and the sales made in a day could be greatly increased this efficiency usually improves company reputation as well as creating a better relationship between the customers and the b usiness (Yeshin 1998).Barbour Cloth Company would be able to retain customers in this competitive environment as good relationship between customers and the company builds customer loyalty. This is very essential in eliminating unnecessary onslaught of competition. The possibility of maintaining customers for a long time is a very soused competitive advantage. Integrated marketing communication will result in increased returns due to efficiency involved. The current advances in information and communication technology have adopted the use of effective unified message as opposed to incoherent innumerable messages.Consolidated and crystal clear message will have higher chances of penetrating the busy environment and reaching the target consumers. Integrated marketing can to a great extent heighten sales by stretching messages across numerous communication tools to d generate more opportunities for customers to access and obtain awareness of the products, stimulate the need to have th e product being advertised and ultimately getting the potential customers to actually purchase the goods.Finally the adaptation of an integrated marketing system would enable the Barbour cloth company to save a lot of money that could have otherwise been used to duplicate graphics and photos. In IMC, the photos can be shared and used for advertising, presentations and promotional literature. Agency costs are cut down buy the use of a single agency for all communications and even if the company might use some(prenominal) agencies, time is a saved for meetings, briefings and strategic planning.Workload is reduced and hence the efficiency of the marketing strategy is improved, work stress is completely eliminated. Pricing of Products Price is one of the important aspects of the integrated marketing strategy as identified earlier. This is because its closely linked to the positioning of the product in the market. On the other hand, the price of a product significantly influences other elements of marketing (Phillips et,al. 1994). There are many ways of developing prices for gods and services.Come the most crucial one are agiotage pricing this allocation of high prices depending on uniqueness of the products, Penetration Pricing prices are purposively set low in order to achieve a market niche, Economic Pricing prices are set based on low manufacturing and marketing costs, Price Skimming higher prices are set as a result of the established competitive advantage, Psychological pricing prices are set based on the emotional perception of the consumer, Product Line Pricing pricing benefits are granted on a range of products, Product Bundle Pricing prices are collectively set for a collection of Products as a single package, promotional pricing prices are set to enhance promotion of the product and Value pricing prices are influenced by external factors such as competition, and recession. Pricing Objectives Barbour Cloth Company has to develop pricing objecti ves in order to settle on the most favorable pricing of their products (Phillips et,al. 1994). There are different objectives for pricing, but the basic reasons include the following 1. Profits the purpose of any business organization is to make maximum profits, bearing in mind the expenses and other overhead costs. Present profit maximization may not be the superb pricing strategy if it results in lower profits. 2. Revenue the purpose of the business is to establish long term trend in profit margin by expanding the market segmentation and reducing costs. 3.Quality leadership the prices usually indicate the position of a product as the quality leader. This builds consumer confidence and loyalty. 4. Status Quo prices may help a firm to sustain its position in the market by making a stable and consistent profit level. Conclusion Business success is the dream of many business ventures, expansion and enlargement in to the foreign market is the sign o0f success. With efficient market ing strategy in Place, Barbour cloth company is likely to attain success both in Home market Britain and abroad including Spain. The few set backs that might be encountered would include the Spains government policies and business regulations.Barbour being a family business needs to be cautious with the law and utilize all aspects of legal (LE-PEST C Analysis) environment for business operations. References Carlo A. (1994). Product Standardizatuion.. A Management Process. American Society for Healthcare Central service Personnel of the American Hospital Association Phillips C. Doole I. & Lowe R. (1994). International Marketing Strategy. Anlysis, Development and Implementation. Routledge. Schultz D. E, Tannenbaum S. I & Lauterborn R. F. (1996) The New Marketing Paradgm. Integrated Marketng Communications. McGraw-Hill Proffessional. Yeshin T. (1998). Integrated Marketing Communications. The Holistic Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann.

Understand Child and Young Persons Develpment

Understand chela and Young Person Development. Core 3. 1 1. 1 The term Sequence of kid reading refers to the how we dribble a peasant to sire from the sidereal day it was born to the geezerhood of 19. pip-squeak Development is the biological, physiological and every last(predicate) the emotional variegates that happen during these tierative long time as the chela goes from dependency to autonomy. These changes could be hugely checkd by geneticals, events that occur whilst in the womb and during prenatal using and atomic number 18 usu everyy included in close studies of s fuck offr education.Developmental changes atomic number 18 opposite. They occur as a closure of a genetic everyy controlled knock overle called maturement or as a result of surroundal factors and give a behavioring ( folk life and school for example) but these changes or so commonly happen as a result of a combination of them both. It clear in addition be a result of human disposition w hich is the ability of the growing babe to in fact collect from their environment. Human creations and especially youngsterren clear a keen sense to adapt to their sur rundleings and this is what fry festering covers and includes.A boors information is continually happening and eject be measured in virtually a(prenominal) different ship digestal and although the barbarian result develop at different rates and in different miens, the address in which this happens volition personify the alike sort of pattern . This is beca riding habit in more or less examples they pick up to visualize virtuoso skill in front they gage move onto the next. An example is walking. The fry for line up privation to canvas to walk earlier they gouge run or jump etc. Development in peasantren is much rapid in the wee stand fors with many a nonher(prenominal) milestones happening in quick succession.This slows cut d submit got as the minor becomes a young bountiful with the milestones becoming further apart. (Cache baby birdren and young spates custody p49) The table below looks much(prenominal) about at the aspects of child increase. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES CHART Age sharp fond / Emotional Language gain motor Fine Motor Infant Birth to one year Uses mitts and mouth to learn Forms a bond with p bents, leave begin to make savour faces and smiles, at about 6months allow for recognise p bents and be fearful of strangers. hintts being ocal and using terms such as mammy and dada Lifts head number one so chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone Reaches for objects and picks up get off-ranking items, clutches onto toys, e. g. sound Toddler 1-2 days Begins to learn voice communication for objects and people Learns that self and p arnt(s) argon different or crack up from each virtually other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates ask or wants without egregious Can follow unsubdivided instructions and say more words than just mammy and daddy Can walk, stop, jump and throw affaires like a ball. Unbuttons c doweryhes, builds hulk of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object Preschool2-5 years Understands things such as tired, hungry and cold, recognises colours, becomes certified(predicate) of numbers and letters Begins to separate considerably from p arnt(s), dresses with assistance, washes and dries hands, stages inter combat-ready games like tag. follows headions, good deal make simple sentences of devil or three words, vocabulary increases names pictures Runs well, hops, pedals tricycle, balances on one tail Buttons Clothes, builds tower of 8 cubes, copies simple figures or letters School age 5-12 years Develops discretion of numeracy and literacy concepts, learns consanguinity between objects and aromaings, acquires humpledge and consciousness Acts independently, but is emotionally close to p atomic number 18nt(s) dresses without booster, r elate same sex pretend groups and clubs Defines words, k instanter and describes what things are do of, vocabulary increases Skips, balances on one foot for 10 seconds, overestimates physical abilities Draws person with 6 parts, copies detailed figures and objects 12-18 years Understands hoist concepts like infirmity and death, develops discovering of complex ideas Experiences rapidly changing moods and behaviour, concerned in chum group almost exclusively, distances from parent(s) emotionally, concerned with ashes image, apparent to hurt first sexual relationship Uses increase vocabulary, understands more abstract concepts like sorrowfulness May appear awkward and clumsy while maturement to deal with rapid increases in surface due to developing spurts amply developed 18 +years Continues to develop the ability to make grievous decisions and to understand the complexity of human relationships Becomes independent form parent(s), own lifestyle, and administerer, heart y and economic changes, develop interests, chooses a partner, becomes a parent. Continues to develop surviveledge and vocabulary of different styles of talking to used Fully developed Fully developed (Cache Children and young peoples workforce p51-66) 1. 2Child organic evolution is the term used to describe how the child leave behind grow by a progression of developmental milestones. All children are believed to follow the same sequence of ontogenesis (the child allow crawl, then stand, then walk for example) this is called the prescriptive pattern. What we bespeak to know is that non all children follow this pattern and for example some children exit miss out defends altogether. one and only(a) example of this is blind children and some children may decide to pervade shuffle and not bother with the move phase. The traditional approach to monitoring this is to use this prescriptive measure which as I see mentioned already is the milestones in which we measure our chi lds development.These in reality only show what most children can do and in reality many factors such as genetic, cultural and sociable factors ordain all use up an pitch on the childs development and it is outstanding we take this into account forrader labelling children advanced or bandagingward. The sequence of development refers to the stages of which a child develops the rate of development is how fast the child is judge to achieve these developmental milestones. It is authoritative to realise that the normative measurements can only indicate oecumenic trends and cannot be taken as typical . It is very important to realise that while the sequence of development may be somewhat the same in most children, the rate or speed in which the child develops can vary in many ways.Things that provoke a massive effect on the rate of a childs development can include environment (home life) culture (religious beliefs), ability, the come of stimulation a child receives and in sti ck (from parents for example). It is important to understand the difference between the rate and the sequence of a childs development as this will equip you with the knowledge you pauperism in order to plan effectively with your child and will help you identify any concerns which you may contribute in spite of appearance the developmental process. (Cache Children and young peoples workforce) 2. 1-2. 2 A childs growth and development can be repaired by many factors, with some having more of an affect than others.They can be split into two categories which I will go into more depth later. These are person-to-person factors (such as genetics and health related issues) and External factors (such as poverty, family life, personal choice and social interaction. ) on a bring down floor is a diagram illustrating things which can affect a childs development? Disability or special take aways. Inherited (downs) or degenerative (Autism) Disability or special requisites. Inherited (down s) or chronic (Autism) Finances (living in poverty) Finances (living in poverty) Education (home schooled, cloistered or state) Education (home schooled, private or state) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs) health situation, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, do drugss) Health berth, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Social class (lower, working, upper) Social class (lower, working, upper) Genetics, Birth problems Genetics, Birth problems Family surround and background (loving or divorced parents) Family environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Gender Gender interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships Personal Factors influencing development. Genetic Influences numerous studies believe it is both our environment and our genetics which will invent us into the person we ultimately become. Our chromosomes are where we find our genes.Parents pass these onto their children via their cells (the s perm and the egg). Alleles are different versions of the same gene and its this which can hear unadornedive features such as gist colour, but to a fault it is this which could lead to the hereditary pattern of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. A nestlings development is alike affected during pregnancy(before the birth) ,at the time of the birth and afterwards the birth. Examples include a woman not knowing she is heavy(predicate) in the early stages and carrying on with all her bad habits (drinking, smoking, drug taking and nutrition. ) Its at these important first 12 calendar weeks in the uterus when all the essential organs are being formed. This is called the prenatal period.A child being born before term (37 weeks) and therefore is born prematurely may necessitate intensive care and this could affect development. Health Status A childs health status can bemuse a wide effect on how it develops. This is determined by genetic inheritance but can alike be affected b y factors such as diet, environment, and what health care they receive. Some children are born with conditions which affect their development (these include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis and heart defects). otherwise illnesses which may develop over time( including bronchial asthma and diabetes) will similarly put one over an effect on the childs development if for example they have frequent visits to the hospital and miss school or their activaties are restricted because of their condition.External Factors Influencing Development. Poverty This is the single biggest thing that panicens the healthy development of children and young people in keen Britain and can have an effect on all areas of a childs development (Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. ) This threat is part of the cycle of deprivation where poorer families will tend to awake(p) in poorer housing they may excessively have a poor diet which will not bid all the right vitamins and minerals which will affect the childs resistive system which will have a knock on affect to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Other things which are conjugated to poverty areAccidents and illness Children from poorer backgrounds are quartette propagation more potential to have an accident than those from higher up the social ladder. Quality of life many children from lower classes have none or little toys, meals and clothes little diet As I mentioned to a higher place a poor diet comes hand in hand with low income families as they more times than not have to buy the cheaper brands or processed thingmajig foods. Space to live and routine poorer children are more likely to be limited in their add space as the housing which they live will is more likely to be small and substandard. harvest-feast Poorer children are more likely to be smaller at birth and shorter in height. Education Children from the lower classes are more likely to have poor attendance and less likely to do well.Long name Effects As vaingloriouss they are more likely to be homeless, be unemployed, and become compound in drug abuse, offending or be in abusive relationships. Social Interaction There is a lot of enquiry to show that social isolation or a lack or fortunes to socialize ( playgroup, family members, mother and baby groups, toddler groups) can lead to early child development issues such as speech problems , the inability to share or in fact the ability to socialise with people in a civilise manner. The social environment in which a child is raised(a) can have a dramatic effect on their development. An example of this would be a child who has had no contact with neighbours, family members or classmates.Family milieu and background The situation at home will have a huge effect on a young person or childs development. A child may depend physically healthy but if they are unhappy and are not enjoying their time at home this is will most definitely be affecting their development. Things a child needs include discern and affection A child needs unconditional love and affection from their capital carers whoever this may be (Parents, Grandparents, Foster Parents etc. ) A child needs to feel safe and secure. Stimulation a child needs the right amount of stimulation for healthy growth and development. Too little or withal much will result in unhealthy developmentOpportunities to play It is common sense that all children need to play to develop, then on from that, young people need to be given the opportunity to socialise and have leisure opportunitys (such as encyclopedism an means or joining a sports club). A childs social and emotional development is majorly influenced by the foundations which the family unit acquires. Most parents will furnish a nurturing unconditional loving family environment where their child will embrace and flourish at bottom it. There are some carers or parents who, for a lot of different fountains w ill not provide this nurturing platform which all children need. Examples of this include carers with mental health issues, drug misuse, marital conflict and violent behaviour.Theories Regarding Child Development. Theories of child development can be said to be a set of principles that are intentional to explain or predict some things. There have been many theories over the years by many scientists and psychologists and they have come up with a mass of different perspectives as to why a child will do reliable things within their development. Theories not only provide an extended abbreviation of understanding, they also allow educated guesses or hypotheses about some parts of a Childs development that are not clearly understood yet. These theories can provide a bounce board for other query but they also have some practical benefits.They can be reusable (if you are a parent, teacher, therapist or carer) as a reference menstruum when you need to make important decisions within t he Childs lives and a well-founded opening can provide rich information in making responsible for(p) decisions. On the flip side though, some child development theories can be limiting and tawdry and can in fact hinder or menace a Childs development if the primary carer follows this speculation to the letter. It is with this in mind that it is vital to compare and evaluate a lot of theories before acting upon them and it is with this analyse and contrasting that you will find that a lot of theories strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted. There are many theories out there and underneath I will be going into a few of them in more detail. Alfred Bandura (Social learning guess) Main possibility Learning takes place by imitation.The social learning hypothesis suggests that people will learn from one another through observation, imitation, and regulateling. This theory has been renamed the social cognitive theory this is to accommodate later developments of this theory. A lbert Bandura found that children tend to copy people they hold in high status (parents etc. ) especially so if these people are agile or have powerful personalities. This theory could lead us on to the fact that we should very aware of our behaviour in front of children and the effect this could have on them. Things to think about * If children are smacked by adults will they be more likely to smack other children? * If children are shouted at by other adults, are they more likely to shout at other children? If children are given explanations, are they more likely to explain things to other * If children are comforted when they fall, are they more likely to do the same to others? How this affects drill * You will have to be very wary of the lyric poem and behaviour you use in front of your children. * It could a useful theory to use if you want your children to experience constituent play. * cosmos a good role model can only help the child. * This theory allows learning withou t direct experience. * Promotes positive behaviour. If you are positive this will rub off on the child. Transmission theories There are three principal(prenominal) theorists involved in transmission theories.John Locke He thought that the child was an empty watercraft and that they can be shaped by the adult and that children can be shaped by outdoor(a) factors and these are greater influences than any genetic involvements ( temper v nurture) Ivan Pavlov (classical learn) Pavlovs theory was his famous conditioned Reponses in dogs experiment. Pavlov likes to be cognise as a physiologist rather than a psychologist as he believed the two were linked and were useful and scientific. Classical conditioning is the way in which rejoinders are under the control of innovative stimulus. In his case the conditioned stimulus was a church bell and the unconditioned stimulus was food. His experiment involved feeding the dogs every time the church bell rang. This eventually produced an uncon ditional response from the dogs which was saliva aerodynamic from the dogs mouth when the food appeared.This would then step by step change into saliva being produced with any bell tone thus producing a conditioned response from the dogs. Food will produce salivation, but its this change in stimuli using classical conditioning which means that saliva is being produced with the sound of the bells and not the tangible food. Pavlovs Experiment Burris Frederick Skinner (operant conditioning) Skinners main theory was one of that reenforcement and punishment moulds behaviour and children are conditioned by their experiences. Skinner maintained that learning occurred through responding to the environment and he coined the term operant conditioning to describe this phenomenon.He did extensive research with animals, notably with rats and pigeons. I t was skinner who invented the famous knock in which a rat learns to pressing a lever in order to obtain food. He gave rats a reward of f ood if they press the lever. This was positive strengthener. The desired behaviour was rewarded. Conversely, undesired behaviour could be negatively reinforced. The rats would receive an electric breach every time they went near one area of a maze and they would then begin to quash that area. The undesired behaviour was got rid of and the desired behaviour was gain groundd. How this affects Practise. Positve reinforcemnet includes * supererogatory helper Kindness awards * Points * Stickers * Special jobs * Star of the week * Trips out * Priase or golden time. Negative reinforcement includes * Lines * Detention * PunishmentThings taken from or unplowed from the child. The effects this has on practise is that it will provide motif for the child to behave and also to put that lirttle bit more sudor in than they would normally if they have something to aim for at the end of the week or day. It will give the child encouragement to retroflex the good behaviour or effort upon recie ving their treat or reward. Social constructavist theory Jean Piaget This is the theory where all other theories are judged.His main theory is that the development of children take place in distinct stages of cognitive development. The adult does have an influence but the child is building their own thinking systems. Piaget believed that nature and nurture interact to create cognitive development. He claims that children when learning * Go through stages and sequences in their learing * ar mobile learners * Use first hand Experiences and prior experiences in order to learn. * Imitate and transform what they learn in to symbolic behaviour. He devolped four stages of cognitive learing. 1 Sensory motor stage (0-2 years) the child explores using its senses( sucking ,grasping etc) Pre operational stage (2- 7 years) The toddler understands the use of symbols and language and this can be understood. 3 Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) the child can now conserve and begin to reason logically. The child can now lick problems but their sucessful reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations. 4. clump operational years (11-16 years) the child is now developed and can show logical thinking and be able to work through abstract problems. Piaget view on a child as an active learner. Piagets three process 1. Assimilation this process is where people translate information in to a form they can understand. 2. Accomodation This is where people adapt flow rate knowladge in reponse to new experiences. 3.Equilibration this is where people balance assimilation and accomodation to create a stable understanding. Implications in practise. Piagets theory suggests that childrens distictive ways of thinking at different ages need to be considered when deciding how best to teach them. In addition beacuse children learn by mentally and physically interacting with their environment, comparative phsical activites are important in educational practise. How they influence on going practise * The language we use with the children * The resources you provide for the children * The need to incorporate role play * Activities( what to do with the resources at hand) * The way in which we chack for understanding from the child * We can question certain techniquesWhat are social constructivists? A social constructivist feels that the adult will play an active role in dowry the children through their stages of development. Lev Vygotsky He was a russian psychologist who died prematurely. His theory dates back to 1924 and he developed ideas that there was relationship between language and thinking and cognative development. His theory empahsised the roles of historical, cultural and sociual factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. He said that the ZAD (the order of actual develpment) is where the child will develop naturally with out the adults help.He then says that the ZPD( the zone of proximal dev lepment) is where the adult helps and he believes that adult intervention is of the essence(p) for the child to move between actual and proximal development. Jerome Bruner he belived that learning was an innate function. He believes that children do imagine then translate them into sense through schemas and that fourth-year children create symbols to imterpret what they have done. Bruners three stages of development are * Enactive (0-1 yrs) Doing * Iconic (1-7 yrs) Imagining * Symbolic (7+) Using symbolic representations Bruner also has his theory of hold uping where he does recognise the importance of adult funding.The easist way to get your head round this is to imagine the adult as the scaffold round the child, a bit like the scaffolding on a building. The adult moves and grows with the child offer them support and reinforcement on the way. How this effects current practise * We can use this to key the children * We can look at the prefered learnign styles considered * T his theory basically sums up the role of a teaching assistant supprort and reinforcement * Intorduce new concepts to expand learning * Will influence the way in which you question a child Humanistic Approach. Abraham Maslow and Mia Keller Pringle. Maslow created a theory of human needs that was applicable to all ages not just for children. This was known as the humanistic approach.He said that there was five levels of need and his theory suggested that each level had to be met before you could progresson to the next one. Maslow also said that it was almost unfeasible to reach your full potentiol if the lower needs were not sufficiently met. Maslows Hierachy of needs. How this may impact on current practise. There are many ways this theory could impact on practise * Keeping an eye out for the childs basic needs( Hungry, clothing, tired,) * Awareness of deterrence and social exclusion * Having a homework club (where the onetime(a) children could help the younger ones. ) * Praise( Give measure when a child Produces a good piece of work) * Having a Get to know you activity or activities Understanding problems with a child( enabling you to asses the need of the child so he/she can progress) * Promote a positive learning environment which is individual to the children. * Devolop a assimilation where the child feels comfortable to come forward and say they have a need that is not being met. Mia Kellmer Pringle Pringle suggested that there are four primary needs that have to be met from birth. Love and security this is believably the most important one of the four as this provides the basis for all future relationships. A child will also have objects as security blankets ie a favorite toy which they will use when they feel threatened or upset.The child will want routine which helps with their development and also they will need attachment which comes in the form of a caring a stable family. late experiences this is a fundemantal requirement for cognitive devel opment. In ealry life the act of playing and using new language as well as revisiting former experiences and accesing new and demanding phsical and mental challenges all help in the childs cognitive development. This goes with them through to adolecence where they will start experimenting with boyfriends/ girlfriends and get involved in team roles etc. Praise and identification Strong incentives are vital for a child who is going through a difficult time.If a child is constantly put down or told they are useless it becomes a self fullfilling fortune telling where the child has low expectations leads them onto low achievement. This will eventually lead onto the child never getting into any situations where they feel they will fail. Responsibility It is also very inportant to structure the childs environment so he/she have challenges which reflect their interests and ability levels, this will encourage independance and co operation. Pringle goes along the same lines as Maslow so th eir impacts on practise are similar. Produce a routine the children are familiar with Plan trips out( get them interested in a musical instrument or have a themed week) Recognise cultural normsMake a child feel valued and individualistic Have a School council( Promoting responsibilty) Welcome the child to his/her new setting( name on the peg, get to know you activites) Give them jobs( registor monitor,handout milk etc) Leave it to nature Theories ( laissez faire model) Rousseau was an 18th degree Celsius philsopher who thought that the child will learn naturally and they were genetically engineered to learn certain things at certain times. He thought that a childs learning unfolds like a flower and that babbling leads onto talking which leads onto composition and reading, the same way kicking the legs and weirdo leads onto walking and running.This theory suggests that adults mould the childs development through the environment they create and this environment will support the ch ilds learning and help it to unfold. One example being speech. If a childs environment is all English singing, the child will speak english, if a child hears both Chinese and English it will become multi ligual and speak both languages. This view suggests that the child will do what they need to devolp and learn naturally. It sees the child as active in their own learing and as the adult do not need to act this is sometimes reffered to as the laissez faire view of how children learn. Rousseau mapped a set of developmental norms charting expected development.He believed that development followed a sequence and set normal age ranges of achievement. A depressing approach for children with special needs. Gessel In the 1930s he mapped out a set of developmental norms which charted expectent development in children. These norms mapped out the childs expected development and this followed a sequence which identified the normal age ranges of achievement. This was also a very depressing a pproach for any children who have disabilites or learning needs. Gessels spiral of development. How this approach impacts on current practise. You will have an understanding that you can observe and not always intervene in a childs behaviour.Understand Child and Young Persons DevelpmentUnderstand Child and Young Person Development. Core 3. 1 1. 1 The term Sequence of child development refers to the how we expect a child to develop from the day it was born to the age of 19. Child Development is the biological, physiological and all the emotional changes that happen during these formative years as the child goes from dependency to autonomy. These changes could be hugely influenced by genetics, events that occur whilst in the womb and during prenatal development and are usually included in most studies of child development.Developmental changes are different. They occur as a result of a genetically controlled process called maturation or as a result of environmental factors and learnin g (home life and school for example) but these changes most commonly happen as a result of a combination of them both. It can also be a result of human nature which is the ability of the growing child to in fact learn from their environment. Human beings and especially children have a keen sense to adapt to their surroundings and this is what child development covers and includes.A childs development is continually happening and can be measured in many different ways and although the child will develop at different rates and in different ways, the sequence in which this happens will follow the same sort of pattern . This is because in most examples they need to learn one skill before they can move onto the next. An example is walking. The child will need to learn to walk before they can run or jump etc. Development in children is more rapid in the early stages with many milestones happening in quick succession.This slows down as the child becomes a young adult with the milestones be coming further apart. (Cache children and young peoples workforce p49) The table below looks more closely at the aspects of child development. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES CHART Age Intellectual Social / Emotional Language Gross motor Fine Motor Infant Birth to one year Uses hands and mouth to learn Forms a bond with parents, will begin to recognise faces and smiles, at about 6months will recognise parents and be fearful of strangers. Starts being ocal and using terms such as mammy and daddy Lifts head first then chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone Reaches for objects and picks up small items, clutches onto toys, e. g. Rattle Toddler 1-2 years Begins to learn words for objects and people Learns that self and parent(s) are different or separate from each other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates needs or wants without crying Can follow simple instructions and say more words than just mammy and daddy Can walk, stop, jump and throw things like a ball. Unbuttons clothes, builds tower of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object Preschool2-5 years Understands things such as tired, hungry and cold, recognises colours, becomes aware of numbers and letters Begins to separate easily from parent(s), dresses with assistance, washes and dries hands, plays interactive games like tag. follows directions, can make simple sentences of two or three words, vocabulary increases Names pictures Runs well, hops, pedals tricycle, balances on one foot Buttons Clothes, builds tower of 8 cubes, copies simple figures or letters School age 5-12 years Develops understanding of numeracy and literacy concepts, learns relationship between objects and feelings, acquires knowledge and understanding Acts independently, but is emotionally close to parent(s) dresses without help, join same sex play groups and clubs Defines words, know and describes what things are made of, vocabulary increases Skips, balances on one foot for 10 seconds, overestimates physi cal abilities Draws person with 6 parts, copies detailed figures and objects 12-18 years Understands abstract concepts like illness and death, develops understanding of complex ideas Experiences rapidly changing moods and behaviour, interested in peer group almost exclusively, distances from parent(s) emotionally, concerned with body image, likely to have first sexual relationship Uses increased vocabulary, understands more abstract concepts like grief May appear awkward and clumsy while learning to deal with rapid increases in size due to growth spurts Fully developed 18 +years Continues to develop the ability to make good decisions and to understand the complexity of human relationships Becomes independent form parent(s), own lifestyle, and career, social and economic changes, develop interests, chooses a partner, becomes a parent. Continues to develop knowledge and vocabulary of different styles of language used Fully developed Fully developed (Cache Children and young peoples w orkforce p51-66) 1. 2Child development is the term used to describe how the child will grow through a progression of developmental milestones. All children are believed to follow the same sequence of growth (the child will crawl, then stand, then walk for example) this is called the normative pattern. What we need to know is that not all children follow this pattern and for example some children will miss out stages altogether. One example of this is blind children and some children may decide to bottom shuffle and not bother with the crawling phase. The traditional approach to monitoring this is to use this normative measure which as I have mentioned already is the milestones in which we measure our childs development.These actually only show what most children can do and in reality many factors such as genetic, cultural and social factors will all have an effect on the childs development and it is important we take this into account before labelling children advanced or backward. The sequence of development refers to the stages of which a child develops the rate of development is how fast the child is expected to achieve these developmental milestones. It is important to realise that the normative measurements can only indicate general trends and cannot be taken as normal . It is very important to realise that while the sequence of development may be somewhat the same in most children, the rate or speed in which the child develops can vary in many ways.Things that have a massive effect on the rate of a childs development can include environment (home life) culture (religious beliefs), ability, the amount of stimulation a child receives and input (from parents for example). It is important to understand the difference between the rate and the sequence of a childs development as this will equip you with the knowledge you need in order to plan effectively with your child and will help you identify any concerns which you may have within the developmental proces s. (Cache Children and young peoples workforce) 2. 1-2. 2 A childs growth and development can be affected by many factors, with some having more of an affect than others.They can be split into two categories which I will go into more depth later. These are Personal factors (such as genetics and health related issues) and External factors (such as poverty, family life, personal choice and social interaction. ) Below is a diagram illustrating things which can affect a childs development? Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Finances (living in poverty) Finances (living in poverty) Education (home schooled, private or state) Education (home schooled, private or state) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs)Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Social class (lower, work ing, upper) Social class (lower, working, upper) Genetics, Birth problems Genetics, Birth problems Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Gender Gender Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships Personal Factors influencing development. Genetic Influences Many studies believe it is both our environment and our genetics which will mould us into the person we ultimately become. Our chromosomes are where we find our genes.Parents pass these onto their children via their cells (the sperm and the egg). Alleles are different versions of the same gene and its this which can determine distinctive features such as eye colour, but also it is this which could lead to the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. A babys development is also affected during pregnancy(before the birth) ,at the time of the birth and after the birth. Examples include a woman not knowing she is pregnant in the early stages and carrying on with all her bad habits (drinking, smoking, drug taking and diet. ) Its at these crucial first 12 weeks in the uterus when all the essential organs are being formed. This is called the antenatal period.A child being born before term (37 weeks) and therefore is born prematurely may need intensive care and this could affect development. Health Status A childs health status can have a great effect on how it develops. This is determined by genetic inheritance but can also be affected by factors such as diet, environment, and what health care they receive. Some children are born with conditions which affect their development (these include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis and heart defects). Other illnesses which may develop over time( including asthma and diabetes) will also have an effect on the childs development if for example they have frequent visits to the hospital and miss school or their activaties are restricted because of their condition.External Fa ctors Influencing Development. Poverty This is the single biggest thing that threatens the healthy development of children and young people in Great Britain and can have an effect on all areas of a childs development (Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. ) This threat is part of the cycle of deprivation where poorer families will tend to live in poorer housing they may also have a poor diet which will not provide all the right vitamins and minerals which will affect the childs immune system which will have a knock on affect to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Other things which are linked to poverty areAccidents and illness Children from poorer backgrounds are four times more likely to have an accident than those from higher up the social ladder. Quality of life many children from lower classes have none or little toys, meals and clothes Poor diet As I mentioned above a poor diet comes hand in hand with low income families as they m ore times than not have to buy the cheaper brands or processed convenience foods. Space to live and play poorer children are more likely to be limited in their play space as the housing which they live will is more likely to be small and substandard. Growth Poorer children are more likely to be smaller at birth and shorter in height. Education Children from the lower classes are more likely to have poor attendance and less likely to do well.Long Term Effects As adults they are more likely to be homeless, be unemployed, and become involved in drug abuse, offending or be in abusive relationships. Social Interaction There is a lot of research to show that social isolation or a lack or opportunitys to socialise ( playgroup, family members, mother and baby groups, toddler groups) can lead to early child development issues such as speech problems , the inability to share or in fact the ability to socialise with people in a civilised manner. The social environment in which a child is raise d can have a dramatic effect on their development. An example of this would be a child who has had no contact with neighbours, family members or classmates.Family Environment and background The situation at home will have a huge effect on a young person or childs development. A child may seem physically healthy but if they are unhappy and are not enjoying their time at home this is will most definitely be affecting their development. Things a child needs include Love and affection A child needs unconditional love and affection from their primary carers whoever this may be (Parents, Grandparents, Foster Parents etc. ) A child needs to feel safe and secure. Stimulation a child needs the right amount of stimulation for healthy growth and development. Too little or too much will result in unhealthy developmentOpportunities to play It is common sense that all children need to play to develop, then on from that, young people need to be given the opportunity to socialise and have leisure o pportunitys (such as learning an instrument or joining a sports club). A childs social and emotional development is majorly influenced by the foundations which the family unit creates. Most parents will provide a nurturing unconditional loving family environment where their child will embrace and flourish within it. There are some carers or parents who, for a lot of different reasons will not provide this nurturing platform which all children need. Examples of this include carers with mental health issues, drug misuse, marital conflict and violent behaviour.Theories Regarding Child Development. Theories of child development can be said to be a set of principles that are designed to explain or predict some things. There have been many theories over the years by many scientists and psychologists and they have come up with a multitude of different perspectives as to why a child will do certain things within their development. Theories not only provide an extended outline of understandi ng, they also allow educated guesses or hypotheses about some parts of a Childs development that are not clearly understood yet. These theories can provide a bounce board for other research but they also have some practical benefits.They can be useful (if you are a parent, teacher, therapist or carer) as a reference point when you need to make important decisions within the Childs lives and a well-founded theory can provide valuable information in making responsible decisions. On the flip side though, some child development theories can be limiting and misleading and can in fact hinder or jeopardise a Childs development if the primary carer follows this theory to the letter. It is with this in mind that it is vital to compare and evaluate a lot of theories before acting upon them and it is with this comparing and contrasting that you will find that a lot of theories strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted. There are many theories out there and underneath I will be going into a few of them in more detail. Alfred Bandura (Social learning theory) Main theory Learning takes place by imitation.The social learning theory suggests that people will learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modelling. This theory has been renamed the social cognitive theory this is to accommodate later developments of this theory. Albert Bandura found that children tend to copy people they hold in high status (parents etc. ) especially so if these people are warm or have powerful personalities. This theory could lead us on to the fact that we should very aware of our behaviour in front of children and the effect this could have on them. Things to think about * If children are smacked by adults will they be more likely to smack other children? * If children are shouted at by other adults, are they more likely to shout at other children? If children are given explanations, are they more likely to explain things to other * If children are comforted when they fall, ar e they more likely to do the same to others? How this affects practise * You will have to be very wary of the language and behaviour you use in front of your children. * It could a useful theory to use if you want your children to experience role play. * Being a good role model can only help the child. * This theory allows learning without direct experience. * Promotes positive behaviour. If you are positive this will rub off on the child. Transmission theories There are three main theorists involved in transmission theories.John Locke He thought that the child was an empty vessel and that they can be shaped by the adult and that children can be shaped by external factors and these are greater influences than any genetic involvements (nature v nurture) Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning) Pavlovs theory was his famous conditioned Reponses in dogs experiment. Pavlov likes to be known as a physiologist rather than a psychologist as he believed the two were linked and were useful and s cientific. Classical conditioning is the way in which responses are under the control of new stimulus. In his case the conditioned stimulus was a church bell and the unconditioned stimulus was food. His experiment involved feeding the dogs every time the church bell rang. This eventually produced an unconditional response from the dogs which was saliva flowing from the dogs mouth when the food appeared.This would then gradually change into saliva being produced with any bell noise thus producing a conditioned response from the dogs. Food will produce salivation, but its this change in stimuli using classical conditioning which means that saliva is being produced with the sound of the bells and not the actual food. Pavlovs Experiment Burris Frederick Skinner (operant conditioning) Skinners main theory was one of that reinforcement and punishment moulds behaviour and children are conditioned by their experiences. Skinner maintained that learning occurred through responding to the envi ronment and he coined the term operant conditioning to describe this phenomenon.He did extensive research with animals, notably with rats and pigeons. I t was skinner who invented the famous box in which a rat learns to press a lever in order to obtain food. He gave rats a reward of food if they pressed the lever. This was positive reinforcement. The desired behaviour was rewarded. Conversely, undesired behaviour could be negatively reinforced. The rats would receive an electric shock every time they went near one area of a maze and they would then begin to avoid that area. The undesired behaviour was got rid of and the desired behaviour was encouraged. How this affects Practise. Positve reinforcemnet includes * Special helper Kindness awards * Points * Stickers * Special jobs * Star of the week * Trips out * Priase or golden time. Negative reinforcement includes * Lines * Detention * PunishmentThings taken from or kept from the child. The effects this has on practise is that it wil l provide motivation for the child to behave and also to put that lirttle bit more effort in than they would normally if they have something to aim for at the end of the week or day. It will give the child encouragement to repeat the good behaviour or effort upon recieving their treat or reward. Social constructavist theory Jean Piaget This is the theory where all other theories are judged.His main theory is that the development of children take place in distinct stages of cognitive development. The adult does have an influence but the child is building their own thinking systems. Piaget believed that nature and nurture interact to create cognitive development. He claims that children when learning * Go through stages and sequences in their learing * Are active learners * Use first hand Experiences and prior experiences in order to learn. * Imitate and transform what they learn in to symbolic behaviour. He devolped four stages of cognitive learing. 1 Sensory motor stage (0-2 years) the child explores using its senses( sucking ,grasping etc) Pre operational stage (2- 7 years) The toddler understands the use of symbols and language and this can be understood. 3 Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) the child can now conserve and begin to reason logically. The child can now solve problems but their sucessful reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations. 4. Formal operational years (11-16 years) the child is now developed and can show logical thinking and be able to work through abstract problems. Piaget view on a child as an active learner. Piagets three process 1. Assimilation this process is where people translate information in to a form they can understand. 2. Accomodation This is where people adapt current knowladge in reponse to new experiences. 3.Equilibration this is where people balance assimilation and accomodation to create a stable understanding. Implications in practise. Piagets theory suggests that childrens distictive ways of thinking at different ages need to be considered when deciding how best to teach them. In addition beacuse children learn by mentally and physically interacting with their environment, relative phsical activites are important in educational practise. How they influence current practise * The language we use with the children * The resources you provide for the children * The need to incorporate role play * Activities( what to do with the resources at hand) * The way in which we chack for understanding from the child * We can question certain techniquesWhat are social constructivists? A social constructivist feels that the adult will play an active role in helping the children through their stages of development. Lev Vygotsky He was a russian psychologist who died prematurely. His theory dates back to 1924 and he developed ideas that there was relationship between language and thinking and cognative development. His theory empahsised the roles of historical, cultural and sociual factors in cogni tion and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. He said that the ZAD (the zone of actual develpment) is where the child will develop naturally with out the adults help.He then says that the ZPD( the zone of proximal devlepment) is where the adult helps and he believes that adult intervention is crucial for the child to move between actual and proximal development. Jerome Bruner he belived that learning was an innate function. He believes that children do imagine then translate them into sense through schemas and that older children create symbols to imterpret what they have done. Bruners three stages of development are * Enactive (0-1 yrs) Doing * Iconic (1-7 yrs) Imagining * Symbolic (7+) Using symbolic representations Bruner also has his theory of scaffolding where he does recognise the importance of adult support.The easist way to get your head round this is to imagine the adult as the scaffold round the child, a bit like the scaffolding o n a building. The adult moves and grows with the child offering them support and reinforcement on the way. How this effects current practise * We can use this to observe the children * We can look at the prefered learnign styles considered * This theory basically sums up the role of a teaching assistant supprort and reinforcement * Intorduce new concepts to expand learning * Will influence the way in which you question a child Humanistic Approach. Abraham Maslow and Mia Keller Pringle. Maslow created a theory of human needs that was relevant to all ages not just for children. This was known as the humanistic approach.He said that there was five levels of need and his theory suggested that each level had to be met before you could progresson to the next one. Maslow also said that it was almost impossible to reach your full potentiol if the lower needs were not sufficiently met. Maslows Hierachy of needs. How this may impact on current practise. There are many ways this theory coul d impact on practise * Keeping an eye out for the childs basic needs( Hungry, clothing, tired,) * Awareness of bullying and social exclusion * Having a homework club (where the older children could help the younger ones. ) * Praise( Give praise when a child Produces a good piece of work) * Having a Get to know you activity or activities Understanding problems with a child( enabling you to asses the need of the child so he/she can progress) * Promote a positive learning environment which is individual to the children. * Devolop a Culture where the child feels comfortable to come forward and say they have a need that is not being met. Mia Kellmer Pringle Pringle suggested that there are four primary needs that have to be met from birth. Love and security this is probably the most important one of the four as this provides the basis for all future relationships. A child will also have objects as security blankets ie a favorite toy which they will use when they feel threatened or upset. The child will want routine which helps with their development and also they will need attachment which comes in the form of a caring a stable family. New experiences this is a fundemantal requirement for cognitive development. In ealry life the act of playing and using new language as well as revisiting previous experiences and accesing new and demanding phsical and mental challenges all help in the childs cognitive development. This goes with them through to adolecence where they will start experimenting with boyfriends/ girlfriends and get involved in team roles etc. Praise and recognition Strong incentives are vital for a child who is going through a difficult time.If a child is constantly put down or told they are useless it becomes a self fullfilling prophecy where the child has low expectations leads them onto low achievement. This will eventually lead onto the child never getting into any situations where they feel they will fail. Responsibility It is also very inportant to structure the childs environment so he/she have challenges which reflect their interests and ability levels, this will encourage independance and co operation. Pringle goes along the same lines as Maslow so their impacts on practise are similar. Produce a routine the children are familiar with Plan trips out( get them interested in a musical instrument or have a themed week) Recognise cultural normsMake a child feel valued and Individual Have a School council( Promoting responsibilty) Welcome the child to his/her new setting( name on the peg, get to know you activites) Give them jobs( registor monitor,handout milk etc) Leave it to nature Theories ( laissez faire model) Rousseau was an 18th century philsopher who thought that the child will learn naturally and they were genetically engineered to learn certain things at certain times. He thought that a childs learning unfolds like a flower and that babbling leads onto talking which leads onto writing and reading, the same way kicking the legs and crawling leads onto walking and running.This theory suggests that adults mould the childs development through the environment they create and this environment will support the childs learning and help it to unfold. One example being speech. If a childs environment is all English speaking, the child will speak english, if a child hears both chinese and English it will become multi ligual and speak both languages. This view suggests that the child will do what they need to devolp and learn naturally. It sees the child as active in their own learing and as the adult do not need to act this is sometimes reffered to as the laissez faire view of how children learn. Rousseau mapped a set of developmental norms charting expected development.He believed that development followed a sequence and identified normal age ranges of achievement. A depressing approach for children with special needs. Gessel In the 1930s he mapped out a set of developmental norms which charted expectent d evelopment in children. These norms mapped out the childs expected development and this followed a sequence which identified the normal age ranges of achievement. This was also a very depressing approach for any children who have disabilites or learning needs. Gessels spiral of development. How this approach impacts on current practise. You will have an understanding that you can observe and not always intervene in a childs behaviour.